ICBI 2015

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/10527

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 83

Analysis of Factors affecting to Employee Turnover in Medium Scaled Apparel Industry in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Rajapaksha, U.G.
The topic of this research is the factors affecting employee turnover in medium scaled garment industry in Sri Lanka. There were three research objectives; first objective is to identify the factors affecting employee turnover in medium scaled garment industry in Sri Lanka, second objective is to examine the impact of socioeconomic factors on employee turnover and third objective is to examine the impact of organizational factors affecting on employee turnover intention. Literature indicates employees are influenced by pay as the economic variables; age, marital status, sex, education as the demographic variables; upward mobility, integration, occupation, formal and instrumental communication, community participation is the organizational variables to influence on labor intention to leave the organization. As the sample 280 operators were selected from ten garment factories within the Colombo district. As the base of selection of the sample, operators within the factory was selected using simple random sampling method while factories were selected using purposive sampling method. Semi structured questionnaire was used as the quantitative data collection tool and interview also used as the qualitative data collection tool. Collected data was estimated using multi-variate logit model. As the statistical tool, SPSS AMOS (version 22) was used. As the dependent variable, ‘intention to leave’ is used while as the intervening variable ‘employee satisfaction’ is used. As the moderating variable ‘distributive justice’ is used while independent variables employee social economic variables, organizational variables were used. Finally study conclude that work life balance, upward mobility and routinization become the core factors while pay does not become a core factor to set a felling in the mind of employees to leave the job.
Aptitude of internal control systems to prevent and detect financial statement frauds in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Bandara, R.M.S.; Sujeewa, G.M.M.; Rathnasiri, U.A.H.A.
The emerging discipline of Forensic Accounting is a relatively new profession in Sri Lanka even though it was developed with many ideas and techniques centuries ago. The profession has been molded and shaped by many aspects of the shifting the world including the economy, society, and legislation and it has become one of key arenas for government, practitioners, investors, general public and regulatory bodies. Corporate failures all over the world time to time has enlighten the necessity of forensic accounting profession giving more attention to financial statement frauds. The small and medium organizations tend to suffer excessively large losses due to financial statement frauds and it will increase the importance of forensic accounting practices in Sri Lanka because more organizations are in small and medium scale in nature. Process affected by organization’s structure, work and authority flows, people and management information systems designed to help the organization accomplice specific goals or objectives as the internal control systems of an entity playing a vital role in detecting and preventing financial statement frauds. The current exploratory study examines the capability of internal control systems in preventing and detecting the financial statement frauds. Structured interviews, questionnaires and empirical research findings on the practice of forensic accounting were used to analyze capability of internal control systems for preventing and detecting the financial statement frauds in Sri Lankan companies. Purposive sampling method was used to select the sample and 25 senior managers and 10 auditors were participated as respondents for the research representing 24 private and companies. The study identified control environment and monitoring as the independent variables and number of frauds and its value as the dependent variables. The study identifies that the management integrity and the soundness of internal control systems can help to reduce the probability of occurring financial statement frauds. Further it is revealed that 68% of business entities’ internal control systems have not been facilitated for detection of frauds. Moreover the study recommends that effective and efficient internal control policies and procedures put in place should be monitored to prevent and detect financial statement frauds in Sri Lankan companies.
Bank-Specific Determinants of Risk Management Efficiency: Evidence from Listed Commercial Banks in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Piyananda, S.D.P.; Chandrasena, S.M.; Fernando, J.M.R
This study aims to identify the significant bank specific determinants of risk management efficiency of the listed commercial banks in Sri Lanka, by covering the financial statements of 11 banks during the period of 2008 to 2014. Panel regression analysis employed as the data analysis tool. Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) has been used as the dependent variable as the proxy for risk management efficiency and credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, return on assets (ROA), banks’ size, and operational efficiency selected as the determinants of bank efficiency. Results revealed that the credit risk, liquidity risk, ROA, operational efficiency and banks’ size are the important factors of determining the degree of CAR of commercial banks in Sri Lanka. Further as shown by the results of the study, independent variables collectively have high effect on the dependent variable since the explanatory power of the model is approximately 67%.
Behavioral Biases in Investment Decision Making: A Review
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Sewwandi, W.G.T.
In traditional finance theory, the investors are expected to be rational decision makers going along with the expected utility theory. Behavioral finance, in contrary to this, heavily criticize this rational perspective and they argue that the investors tend to deviate from rationality whenever making investment decisions. Several behavioral biases that may occur in investment decision making have been studied and empirically tested over the history. This paper attempts to review the literature related to some behavioral biases based on the different studies done in different contexts. The focused biases are overconfidence, disposition effect, herding and home bias. The studies have been done focusing on the multiple causes associated with those biases. The studies have proven that the demographic factors such as gender, wealth, experience and age have a direct impact on overconfidence. Disposition effect is found to be influenced by the demographic factors such as income, occupation, education, wealth, and gender and the tax considerations of the investor. The desire to be with the group, reputational and remuneration concerns were found to be affecting herd behavior. The Investment Barriers, Transaction Costs, Information Asymmetry, Inflation Herding, and Non-Tradable Assets are found to be the causes of home bias.
Behavioral Intentions of Healthcare Staff with respect to ICT in Western Region of Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Dileep, A.H.; Wijayanayake, W.M.J.I.
Computers are increasingly widespread, influencing many aspects of our social and work lives, as well as many of our leisure activities. As more tasks involve human computer interaction, computer skills and knowledge have become more positively correlated with both occupational and personal success. In most parts of the globe, especially the developed nations, computers are used in almost all spheres of life. Healthcare staffs are change agents in healthcare sector. They are key drivers who play crucial role in ICT integration in healthcare. The aim of this study is to examine the behavioral intentions of healthcare staff with respect to ICT in western region of Sri Lanka. A sample of 100 healthcare staff was assessed for their behavioral intentions with respect to ICT using a Likert type questionnaire. There were 64 females (64%) participants and 36 were male (36%). The average number of years of computer use was 8.46 years (SD=5.281). There were 84% participants strongly agree and 16% participant were agree for use ICT regularly for their official work in healthcare. In detail there were 78% male participant and 88% female participant strongly agree for use ICT regularly for their official work in healthcare. Behavioral intentions of healthcare staff with respect to ICT have positive responses in western region of Sri Lanka. The results of this study showed no gender differences among healthcare staff on behavioral intentions with respect to ICT. They are willing to accept, integration of ICT to the process of healthcare systems. This study clearly depict that behavioral intention of healthcare staff with respect to ICT are not the bottleneck for integration of ICT to the State hospitals in western region of Sri Lanka.
Business Incubators as Allied In Reducing the Transaction Costs in Mexican Entrepreneurs
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Vargas-Hernández, J.G.
Strategic alliances are given by voluntary agreement between the parties, and have various forms, means and objectives which exist. In this text, the incubators as potential allies for entrepreneurs in the creation process of the company and as a cause of reduction of transaction costs in the process, where the relationship between the two sides have discussed them generates benefits of various natures. While it is not set as the union of both, if it looks like the relationship and close contact, as a network, which allows the incubator to survive and achieve its objective and entrepreneurial reduce the risk of birth as a company, in addition to build networks with other companies, organizations or institutions and ease of financing, and even the possibility of investors.
Capital Structure and Firm’s Financial Performance: A Study of Sri Lankan Manufacturing Sector
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Hamidon, T.D.; Ranjani, R.P.C.
This research paper attempts to investigate the impact of capital structure on firm’s financial performance based on the manufacturing companies listed in Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE). Annual data were collected from published financial statements relating to 20 sample companies selected using systematic sampling technique operating in manufacturing industry. Descriptive statistics, Correlation and Regression analyses were used as statistical tests to reveal the relationship and the association between the variables. Debt to Equity (DE) and Debt to Total Assets (DT) ratios were used as proxies for capital structure while Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) were used as proxies for financial performance. The results confirm that only ROCE is positively and significantly related with both DE and DT while there is a negative correlation between GPM, NPM and ROA with DE and DT. In conclusion, capital structure is not a major determinant factor affecting the firm’s financial performance where it’s evident that there is no significant association between capital structure components and firm’s financial performance. The results are in support of some literature and are contradictory with some as well.
Conceptual Model for Moderating Effect of Firm Size on Institutional Pressures and Green Supply Chain Practices Adoption
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Jayarathna, B.C.P.
The concept of Green Supply Chain Management is highly discussed and drawn more attention in contemporary world today. The need of sustainable environment and sustainable organization motivates to draw more attention on Green Supply Chain Practices. Realizing this phenomenon number of researchers developed models to measure the effect of pressures on green supply chain practices adoption. In this study pressures on green supply chain practices are identified as normative pressures, coercive pressures, and mimetic pressures based on institutional theory. Previous studies showed that institutional pressures have significant effect on adopting green supply chain practices. But no single research in supply chain management field to study moderating effect of firm size on pressures and practices of green supply chain management. Therefore this study aims to provide conceptual model to test the moderating effect of firm size in the relationship of institutional pressures and green supply chain practices adoption by filling the identified gap. It is expected that proposed model will be more contributed to enhance the adoption of green supply chain practices by different size of manufacturing companies.
Consumer attitude towards purchase intention for cosmetic products
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Kumudhini, N.
The cosmetic industry is one of the fastest growing and essential, but cut-throat industries in the world as well as in Sri Lanka. As such, it is useful to identify the Consumer Attitude towards Purchase Intention for Cosmetic Products. This study attempted to gain knowledge about influence of Consumer Attitude towards Purchase Intention. This research was an exploratory type research with a qualitative prospective and the population of the study consisted in above 15 years old consumers of Batticaloa District. To achieve the goals of this research, the data were collected from convenience sample of 200 Eastern University Students those who are lived in Batticaloa District. The respondents provided the data by means of a close-ended questionnaire. Pearson’s Correlation was used for testing the hypotheses. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS19 Software. This study empirically examines that Consumer Attitudes (CA) as the independent variable and Purchase Intention for Cosmetic Products (PIC) as the dependent variable. While both the variables individually have high level attributes, the Pearson’s correlation analysis explores a positively significant linear relationship between CA and PIC. This implies that the PIC can be predicted with the nature of CA. The correlation coefficient between the CA and PIC indicates that the CA is useful to explain the variation in PIC.
Consumer Buying Behavior of Decorative Paints Industry in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Ubayachandra, E.G.; Mendis, A.S.M.G.
All paint companies today offer complete range of products for consumers as local ventures due to high import tax imposed by the government for importation of paints. On the ground of rapidly increasing demand for the decorative paints in consequence of increase in building, shelter and other governmental and private constructions, the decorative paints industry is competitively growing today. Besides, today this particular industry has become a more profitable one in Sri Lanka. On account of this preferable situation, the Sri Lankan decorative paints companies focus to offer user friendly and environmental friendly decorative products. This evidently shows commitment of the decorative paints companies towards better world. Though it is so, to the preliminary survey conducted it was noted that 95% of market share has been captured by seven companies out of the 60 local paints suppliers. Thus, the focal problem was why such a situation has come about. Of the four objectives included in the study, key purpose was to examine the relationship between purchase intention and purchase behavior of consumers in respect of paints. Consistent with the objectives the research questions were also set. Additionally, a research gap noted from literature review has also been filled up in this study. The research approach employed here is the deductive method and mix of both qualitative and quantitative perspectives were applied. The selected sample consists of Colombo, Kaluthara and Gampaha. Three hypotheses were formulated from respective literature review and better methodological choice was made to get the study systematic. More primary data were associated as this is an empirical in nature and from different documentary evidences secondary data were gathered. Descriptive statistics was used to present data and to analyze data, Correlation analysis was employed. Eventually findings were made and it was concluded that brand image, product quality and price have considerable impact on buying behavior of decorative paints. Accordingly, recommendations were produced. In addition some related researchable areas have also been pointed out at the end of the paper.
Core Banking Systems and Business Intelligence for Effective Strategic Decision Making
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Fernando, S.D.
Considering about the nature of existing core banking systems the fundamental attribute is it can be identify as a transaction processing system. It means that the system is processing day-to-day banking business transactions and stored historical information. Core banking systems are playing vital role in any fully automated bank as an information system hub. But the basic question is raised when focus to the information requirement for strategic decision making process. Are core banking systems providing required information to make effective strategic decisions? Can core banking systems fulfilling the task as an alternative for the business intelligence system? When focus to the identified problems with core banking systems it can be separated in to two categories such as system operational issues and strategic decision making difficulties due to using core banking historical system information. System integration issues due to different database platforms, data processing issues due to using different front end applications, data mining and quarry limitation can be identified as System Operational Issues and above two questions can be review under the strategy issue. Review of literature and case study approach has been applied as a methodology with qualitative analysis. Conclusions and recommendations are based on the analysis.
Determinants of Employee Engagement: Evidence from Indian Industries
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Mohapatra, A.K.D.; Choudhury, S.
‘Employee engagement’ has occupied the Centre stage of corporate management today for its apparent linkage with enhanced organizational productivity. Various studies have indicated that firms with higher number of engaged employees have lower operating costs, lower attrition, greater talent pool, higher morale, higher customer satisfaction and higher profits. This study undertaken in the Indian industrial set up based on primary data collected from 169 respondents reveals that employees’ age, experience, educational qualifications and gender have a significant bearing on their engagement levels. The study further reveals that employee engagement receives equal importance from the private and the public sector firms in India. Also, six major factors, namely, organization culture, job profile and accountability, compensation and benefits, resources at work, caring attitude of organization, and communication, are found to be the major determinants of employee engagement in the Indian industries.
Does Brand Image Impact on Consumers’ Buying Behavior: Special Reference to Fermented Dairy Products
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Kaushalya, A.M.; Fernando, P.I.N.
Dairy sector is one of the most important of all livestock sub-sectors in Sri Lanka with a grate potentiality to contribute economic development. Categories of fermented dairy products are usually high energy yielding food products as well as popular among consumers. The research question has been developed as whether the brand image effects on consumers’ buying behavior of Fermented dairy products and the main research objective developed to determine the impact of brand image toward consumers’ buying behavior of Fermented dairy products. Both primary and secondary data had been collected and proportionately chosen 200 respondents as the sample. Structured questionnaire has been used as the survey instrument to primary data collection. Brand image dimensions; brand attitude, brand attribute and perceive benefits were considered as the independent variables and consumers’ buying behavior was considered as dependent variable and the SPSS 16 package has been used to analyze. Results indicated that there is positive relationship between the brand images on consumers’ buying behavior as brand attitude, brand attribute and perceive benefits. The study concluded that brand attribute and perceive benefits significantly impact on consumers’ buying behavior of fermented dairy product brands rather than brand attitude. Recommendations provided as to focus on marketing strategies towards brand attributes of price, shelf life, quality and color as well as the perceive benefits of health and safety of the product, need satisfaction through the product, taste, smell, feel, delight, and frequency of use. Further establishing a cost based advertising strategy to be positioned the brand in the consumer’s mind has been proposed.
The Effect of Foreign Exchange Market Returns on Stock Market Performance in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Perera, M.
Exchange rate is one of the most influencing macroeconomic variables on stock returns in most of the countries. Thus, main objective of this study is to identify the effect of foreign exchange market returns on stock market performance in Sri Lanka. In order to evidence the study, researcher used publicly available secondary data from Colombo Stock Exchange and Central Bank of Sri Lanka. According to Guneratne (2011), exchange rate has a strong explanatory power in determining the stock market returns of the country. All share price index percentage changes are observed as dependent variable and the respective percentage changes of USD/LKR, EUR/LKR and GBP/LKR exchange rates as independent variables of this research. Exchange rate data for the period of 2002 to 2014 are considered for the research. A linear multiple regression model is developed to find the relationship between selected variables and following Noel & John (2009), correlation between variables are tested. Results of the research discloses that USD/LKR and GBP/LKR exchange rate returns have a strong explanatory power to All share price index (ASPI) returns. At the same time USD/LKR returns exhibits a negative correlation while other two exchange rates have a positive but weak correlation to ASPI returns. Findings of this research provide valuable information to investors in equity markets, to forecast potential stock returns with reference to exchange market fluctuations.
Emergence of Rural Markets in India; Opportunities, Threats and Innovations
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Agarwal, H.
Rural India, which was earlier ignored by marketers, is now attracting more and more companies towards it. Marketers now see a need to tap this segment of the population where they see a huge scope for marketing. But only those companies that understand the rural psyche of the masses can win over the rural consumers and bring out innovative products, which serve their needs. And, in the changing business environment, the rural customer is very active and quality conscious. Urban markets are becoming competitive increasingly and, perhaps, getting saturated. The rural market in India is not a separate entity in itself and it is highly influenced by the sociological and behavioral factors operating in the country. About 285 million live in urban India whereas 741.6 million reside in rural areas, constituting 72.22 per cent of India's population resides in its 6, 27,000 villages. Size of rural market is estimated to be 42 million households and rural market has been growing at five times the pace of the urban market. The core of a scientific approach is to understand the market opportunities for rural products along with the country's development priorities and to chalk out a strategy where rural industries have an important role to play. While rural products are forced to increasingly become part of global supply chains, these products need to adapt themselves, not only according to the changing tastes of the national market, but also according to changes in tastes in the international market. Therefore, a process is essential to explore the market linkages and capacity building for SHGs through a bottom up approach and continuous dialogue with stakeholders of rural enterprise. This process should ensure the participation of rural people as consumers and producers in the globalization mechanism, with better livelihoods and global access to markets. The real challenge of building a sustainable market linkage starts here.
An Empirical Investigation into Determinants of Success of Foreign Financed Development Projects in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Ubayachandra, E.G.; de Silva, S.K.D.U.
By this empirical study it was aimed to investigate into the factors that affect the success or performance of foreign financed community based development projects in Sri Lanka. Out of the 548 existing project implementing organizations (Action Plan 2006) for the convenience of the analysis 64 organizations covering 15 districts were taken into consideration. The selected organizations are mixed with UN organizations, government and semi-government ventures, international NGOs, local and national NGOs. For collecting data 250 questionnaires which were received back without rejection were administered among the selected organizations. The key purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence made by identified couple of factors on success of considering projects. Specific objectives were to examine the interrelationship between main two factors and to identify the influence made by infrastructure facilities on success of these projects. For this purpose three research questions were addressed. They are; what is the degree of influence made by two factors on success? What is the interrelationship between two factors? What is the influence made by infrastructure facilities on success? Success of the projects was estimated in terms of allocation of resources, goal attainment and other impacts associated with productivity and quality improvement. Univariate analysis and bivariate analysis were employed in analyzing the data. Furthermore, "t" test and "F" test were applied for testing respective two hypotheses. In computing P value it was considered that for high significant level it should be equal to 0.05 and for it significant level should be equal to 0.10. For more clarification SPSS computing software version was associated. As indicated by the results of discussion it was noted that though both endogenous factors and exogenous factors make influence on success of projects, a dominant and vital role is played by endogenous factors in determining the performance of community based development projects in Sri Lanka. Thus a great attention should be paid on endogenous factors in strategically planning and implementing these projects.
Empirical Study for Personality and Job Performance of Middle Managerial Level Employees in the Public Commercial Banking Sector in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Jayamanna, D.A.C.M.; Wanigasekara, W.M.S.K.
Personality is a significant factor which affects job performance of employees according to many previous studies. Hence, the main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between personality and job performance of public commercial banking sector employees using middle managerial level employees as the sample. Personality was measured using the big five dimensions namely extraversion, neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness and openness while job performance was measured through task & contextual performance and counterproductive work behavior. The results of the study was mainly analyzed using correlation and regression analysis and the findings confirmed that personality was a valid predictor which had a statistically significant, strong positive relationship with job performance. Moreover, each big five dimension had a statistically significant moderate positive relationship with job performance. Hence, this study provides new insights to the management of the banking sector indicating that personality should be given due consideration in human resource management practices in their organizations.
An Empirical Study on Corporate Ownership Structure and Firm Performance: Evidence from Listed Companies in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Chandrasena, S.M.; Kulathunga, K.M.K.N.S.
Ownership structure, whether it is concentrated or dispersed, is one of the main determinants of organizational performance. Theories of corporate governance insist on dispersed ownership and segregation of ownership and management. In most of the emerging countries a concentrated form of ownership is evident in listed companies. Therefore the objectives of this study are twofold; to investigate whether ownership structure has an impact on firm performance and to examine whether concentrated ownership has an impact on firm performance, in companies listed in Sri Lanka. Researchers have considered a sample of seventy six (76) non-financial listed companies in CSE during the period of 2008 to 2014. A time fixed effect model is applied into the panel regression analysis and a Generalized Least Squares (GLS) regression model is chosen. Findings suggest that a significant relationship exists between ownership structure and firm performance. Empirical evidence further elucidates that institutional ownership has a significant positive relationship with firm performance, which can be justified based on the ‘active monitoring argument’. Significant negative relationship between individual ownership and firm performance can be argued based on ‘manager discouragement argument’. Concentrated ownership too has a significant positive relationship with firm performance, supporting the wellknown agency theory propositions.
An Empirical Study on Money Demand Function in Sri Lanka: 1993 – 2013
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Adikari, A.M.P.
The importance of the demand for money has become a prominent research topic in economics due to its role in monetary policy formulation. Income elasticity and interest elasticity of money demand affect the channels of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. This study investigates the long run demand for money and the short run demand for money. The estimation of a money demand function for M2, using annual data for 1993 to 2013 forms the basis of this investigation. The significant long-run relationships were found between Broad money demand, GDP, inflation rate and interest rate. Therefore, these variables can be taken as determinants of broad money demand in Sri Lanka. The positive elasticity of money demand in respect of GDP reveals that money demand for transaction purposes increases when income increases while the negative elasticity relationship between money demand and the interest rate and inflation rate implies that demand for money declines when interest rates and inflation rates were increase, while interest rate and inflation rate are significant in the long run, it is insignificant in the short run. The empirical findings of this study show that the demand for broad money (M2) in the analyzed period in the Sri Lanka is stable, indicating that on the basis of selected determinants, its long term prediction can be carried out. This study complements the existent economic literature by analyzing the determinants and stability of money demand in the Sri Lanka. Because of, demand for money is stable then money supply is the most suitable monetary policy instrument in Sri Lanka.
Entrepreneurial Orientation at ABC Hotels PLC
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Anuranga, B.K.H.D.
This case study is about Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) dimensions of autonomy, risk tating, innovativeness, proactiveness and competitive aggressiveness practiced at ABC Hotels plc, hypothetical name, as it is the benchmarking company for many practices in Sri Lanka. This is a qualitative study where the data for the research were gathered via interview and the annual reports of ABC Hotels plc. With regard to autonomy, middle and lower level managers had not been vested power to act as they wish. On the contrary, almost all the employees were vested with the power to bring forth anything to the ground as they wish provided they bring business turnarounds. Business risk taking is fairly high as it undertook loss incurring TA, and with a long term payback period of Obrim with huge investment. Proactiveness and competitive aggressiveness were seen in practice fairly. In conclusion it was observed that all the dimensions of EO except for autonomy were fairly practiced at ABC Hotels plc.