ARS - 2008
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Item An Assessment of the Influence of Fundamental Factors on Share Prices in Sri Lanka,(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2008) Fernando, G.W.J. Sriyantha.This study analyses certain fundamental factors which are determinants of equity share prices in Sri Lanka. These factors are earning, growth, leverage, risk and company size. The literature review of the study have identified various aspects of equity share valuation. The theoretical and empirical studies have been used to formulate the foundation for the study. To assess above mentioned fundamental factors on share prices, multiple regression analyze was used with a log linear model as a cross section analyses related to the period 1993-2001. The sample for the study was selected from companies registered and listed in the Colombo Stock Exchange. The sample consisted of 40 companies from a group of239 companies in all industries. Result show that dividends appear to be a powerful influence in determining share prices than growth and retained earnings. Business risk and financial risk cannot be assessed because they are redundant variables. Company size is having a considerable influence on share prices and, accordingly large companies enj oy higher values for shares. On the basis of findings the following observation was made about the stock market in Sri Lanka. "The determinants of valuation of the share prices are not very clear. It goes mainly by considering dividend and company size factors which are readily measurable. However, factors like growth and risk cannot be measured with more certainty"Item On the systematic of anomalous absorption of partial waves by nuclear optical potential(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2008) Amarasinghe, D.; Munasinghe, J.M.; Piyadasa, R.A.D.An interesting phenomenon relating to the nuclear optical potential was discovered (Kawai M & Iseri Y,(1985)) [1] which is called the anomalous absorption of partial waves by the nuclear optical potential. They found, by extensive computer calculations, that, for a special combinations of the total angular momentum (j) ,angular momentum(/) ,energy (E) and the target nuclei(A), the elastic S-matrix elements corresponding to nucleon elastic scattering become zero. This phenomenon is universal for light ion elastic scattering on composite nuclei. [2]. It is very interesting that this phenomenon occurs for the realistic nuclear optical potential and it exhibits striking systematic in various parameter planes. For example, all nuclei which absorb a partial l waves of a definite node lie along a straight in the plane (Re, A 3 ) as shown in the figure , where Re is the closest approach and A is mass number of the target nucleus. Theoretical description of this systematic has been actually very difficult, though attempts have been made by the Kyushu group in Japan. In this contribution, we explain mathematically the most striking systematic of this phenomenon. Explanation of the systematic Partial wave· u 1 ( k, r) of angular momentum I and incident wave number k satisfies the Schrodinger equation d21 + [ k2 _ l (l : l ) _ 21 {V(r)+iW(r)}] u,(k,r)= 0 dr r 1i , where V (r) is the total real part and W (r) is the total imaginary part of the optical potential. Starting from this equation , one obtains (1) lu1(k,r)I2=2 XI du, 12 -g(ru1(r2Jdr (2) dr dr 0 where g(r)= [k2-�� V(r)-l(l r:1)J. If u1(k, r) is the anomalously absorbed partial wave, the corresponding S-matrix element is zero and hence in the asymptotic region I u1(k,r) I is almost constant. Therefore [1;1' -g(ru1(k,rt ] o (3) for large r. Now, from (1) and (3), it is not difficult to obtain[3] the equation _1 !!I 12 -- g'( r) wh (r) 'Jw ( )J 12d (4) 2 u1 - ( ) + 2 h r,., u, r lu,l dr 2g r g(r u,l 0 166 Proceedings of the Annual Research Symposium 2008- Faculty of Graduate Studies University of Kelaniya which is valid for large r , and has been numerically tested in case of an anomalously absorbed partial waves , where Wh(r) =- 2 W(r) . If W(r) decays much more rapidly n than V(r) in case of a partial wave under consideration lu,l2 =- g'( ( r) ) and by lu,l dr 2g r integrating this equation with respect to r, we obtain I iu1 (k, r)i2 (g(r) 2 = C (5) ,where C is a constant, and the equation (5) is valid for large values of r. In case of anomalous absorption of the partial wave, I u 1 ( k, r ) I is constant in the asymptotic region and therefore g(r) is also constant. We have found that for all partial waves corresponding to a straight line of definite node, g(r) is constant at the respective I [l(l + 1)]2 closest approach. For example, at Re = k , g(r) is constant for all partial waves lying on a straight line in case of anomalous absorption of neutron partial waves by the nuclear optical potential. Therefore, neglecting the spin-orbit potential , we get -I I 21tV0[1+exp[([l(/+l)F -1.17A3)]/arr1 =C0 n2 k where V0 is depth of the real potential and A is the target mass and the optical potential parameter ar = 0.75 and C0 is a constant. Therefore, in case of neutron, we get the linear relation [I (I+ 1)]2 = 1.11 A + C1 k . (6) where C1 is again a constant. This relation has found to be well satisfied in the cases we have tested numerically. The equation (6) well accounts for the anomalous absorption of neutron partial waves by the Nuclear Optical Potential as shown in the figure below. : [:::::r�;;�����i����:::]::::::::::::::::::::::::] :::::::::--::::::::::::: 1 I I I I I I 7 L----------J------------L---------__ J _ ----------L----------- : ----- ------L----------- ::N :: 6 : ----------: ------------: -----------: _ ___________ :L _ -------i: --------..:---: ----------- ;::::" 5 ,1- ------ l l l : : ! - ---,------------r---- -------, ---- ------r--- --------,------------r----------- + : : : I : : : ::-::::: 4 :I- -----------;I ------ I I I I I ------:----- ---"t-------- ----:------------ 1------------:------------ 1....1 I I I I I I I 3 lI- ----------1I ------------I -----------1I ------------rI -----------1I ------------rI ----------- 2 ::- ----------1: ------------: -----------1: ------------: -----------1: ------------: ----------- I I I I I I I ,a , 2 3 4 5 6 All3 Gradient of straight line predicted by ( 6) is 1.1 7 and the actual value is 1.1828 . Very small discrepancy is due to the negligence of the spin-orbit potential.Item Coupling Shallow Water Equation with Navier-Stokes Equations: A viscous shallow water model(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2008) Karunathilake, N.G.A.The general characteristic of shallow water flows is that the vertical characteristic scale D is essentially smaller than and typical horizontal scale L .i.e. £ := D << 1 . L In many classical derivations, in order to obtain the shallow water approximation of the Navier-Stokes's Equations, the molecular viscosity effect is neglected and a posteriori is added into the shallow water model to represent the efficient-viscosity ( a friction term through the Chezzy formula which involes empirical constants) at the bottom topography. However, the validity of this approach has been questioned in some applications as the models lead to different Rankine-Hugoniot curves (see e.g. [1]). Therefore, it can be useful to consider the molecular viscosity effect directly in the derivation of the shallow water model. On the other hand the classical shallow water models are derived under the assumption of slowly varying bottom topographies. Hence, for the description of incompressible shallow water laminar flow in a domain with a free boundary and highly varying bottom topography, the classical Shallow Water Equations are not applicable. The remedy consist of dividing the flow domain into two sub-domains namely, near field (sub domain with the bottom boundary) and far field (sub domain with the free boundary) with a slowly varying artificial interface and employ the Navier-Stokes Equations and Viscous Shallow Water Equations in the near field and far field, respectively. In this work, we derive a two-dimensional Viscous Shallow Water model for incompressible laminar flows with free moving boundaries and slowly varying bottom topographies to employ in the far field. In this approach, the effect of the molecular viscosity is retained and thereby corrections to the velocities and the hydrostatic pressure approximations are established. Coupling modified shallow water model with NSE has been carried out in a separate work. In order to derive the viscous shallow water model the two-dimensional Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in usual notations au + au2 + auw + ap = ( 2v au) + (v au +V 8 w) , at ax az ax ax ax az az az aw + auw + 8w2 + ap =-g+ (vau +j.law) + ( 2vau), ---------------------------(1) at ax az az . ax az ax az az a-w+ a-w= 0. ax az are employed in the far field with the suitable boundary conditions. On the free surface, we assume that the fluid particle does not leave the free surface and we neglect the wind effect and the shear stress. On the artificial boundary we set the conditions according with the Navier-Stokes solution at the interface. On the lateral boundaries inflow and outflow conditions are employed. Rescaling the variables with the typical characteristic 151 Proceedings of the Annual Research Symposium 2008- Faculty of Graduate Studies University of Kelaniya scales L and D, the dimensionless form of the Navier-Stokes's equations for shallow water flows are obtained. Similarly, assuming that the bottom boundary is regular and the gradient of the free surface remains bounded we obtain the dimensionless boundary conditions. The second order terms with respect to & in the system are neglected and asymptotic analysis is carried out under the assumptions, the flow quantities admit linear asymptotic expansion to the second order with respect to & and the molecular viscosity of the water is very small. Then, rescaling the depth averaged first momentum equation of the resulting system and substituting the zeroth order solution for the velocity and the pressure in it the zeroth order first momentum equation which include the interface conditions is obtained. Again integrating the continuity equation of the dimensionless system from z1 to H(t, x ), a more detailed view of the vertical velocity component is established. Similarly, integrating the vertical momentum equation the dimensionless system from z1to H(t, x ) and replacing boundary conditions, the second order correction to the hydrostatic pressure distribution is derived. Then, dropping o(s2) in the system and switching to the variables with dimensions, the following results are established. Proposition: The formal second order asymp t ot ic ex p ansion of t he Navier-St okes Equat ions for t he shallow wat er laminarfl ow is given by ( z -z I ) ou . I ou 2 u(t, x, z) = u(t,x,z1) + I--- -(x, z1 ,t)(z-z1)---(x, z1 ,t)(z-z1) 2h oz 2h oz h(t,x)+z1 OU w(t,x,z)=w(t,x,z1)- f -d1] OX Z=Zt - ou ou p(t,x,z) = g(h+ z1 -z)-v-(t,x,z)-v-(x,t) ox ox wit h t he viscous shallow wat er equations ah + £(h)= ( w _ u az 1 ) , at ax ax z=Zt ( h) +£ {z h) + £( gh2 J = £( 4v h aJ -rl ' at ax 8x 2 ax 8x where r, [ p : +v: +v: -2v : : +u(u: -w) L,, and z z,(x, t ) is t he interface. Concluding remarks In the zeroth order expansion as well as in many classical shallow water models, the horizontal velocity does not change along with the vertical direction. In contrast, our first order correction gives a quadratic expansion to the vertical velocity components retaining more details of the flow. As many classical models we do not neglect the viscosity effect but just assume that it is very small. Also, the zeroth order hydrostatic pressure approximation has been upgraded to the first order giving a parabolic correction to the pressure distribution.Item The use of symbols and 'colour' for sports festivals.(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2008) Ramanyaka, Nilantha.The aim of this paper is to discuss the significance of 'Symbols'and the use of 'Colour' at national and international sporting events and festivals. Historical evidence reveals that the symbols and colors were used from the time of very early civilisations in the world. Some of the evidence is related with the development of human languages. However, with the development of civilizations and languages, verbal communication was placed forefront in order to present thoughts and feelings of the living elements of the universe. In the recent past the human interaction has resorted once again to non-verbal communication methods. In sport this phenomenon is widely used for a number of reasons and purposes. The use of emblems and colours in sporting events were initially done for promotional purposes. However emblems and colour were used to eonvey a powerful concept without the help of words. This study focuses on the importance of symbols and colours used in sporting events and the level of impact on the spectators. Based on data gathered from secondary sources this study hopes to discuss comparatively the use of symbols, and colours in national and international events held during the recent years. In most instances it is apparent that emblems are used in national sporting festivals as a showcase of the heritage of the respective country, in addition the emblems and colours are also used for the promotion of that event. Therefore the ability to reproduce this image on any number of products and surfaces would increase the viability of the emblem as well.Item Singularities of the elastic S-matrix element,(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2008) Jayasinghe, W.J.M.L.P.; Piyadasa, R.A.D.It is well known that the standard conventional method of integral equations is not able to explain the analyticity of the elastic S-matrix element for the nuclear optical potential including the Coulomb potential. It has been shown[1],[2] that the cutting down of the potential at a large distance is essential to get rid of the redundant poles of the S-matrix element in case of an attractive exponentially decaying potential. This method has been found [3] to be quite general and it does not change the physics of the problem. Using this method , analiticity and the singularities of the S-matrix element is discussed. Singularities of the elastic S-matrix element Partial wave radial wave equation of angular momentum l corresponding to elastic scattering is given by, [ d2 - 2 /(/+ 1)] 2p [ . ] 2 + k - 2 u1(k,r)=-2 V(r)+ Vc(r)+ zW(r) u1(k,r) M r n (1) where V (r) is the real part of nuclear potential, W (r) is the imaginary part of the optical potential · (r) is the Coulomb potential, and k is the incident wave number. Energy dependence of the optical potential is usually through laboratory energy E1ah and hence it depend on k2 and therefore k2- 2 [V(r) + Vc(r) + i W(r)] is depending on k n through e . It is Well known that . (r) is independent Of k Jn Order tO make U 1 ( k, r) an entire function of k , we impose k independent boundary condition at the origin . Now, we can make use of a well known theorem of Poincare to deduce that the wave function is an entire function of k2 and hence it is an entire function of k as well. We cut off the exponential tails of the optical potential at sufficiently large Rm and use the relation -1 --d u1 =.:u ;<--l -(k,-r)--s--'-r (--k,R--m----') u-'-;(+l--- ( k,-r) u, dr u/-l(k ,r)-sr(k,Rm) uj+l(k,r) (2) to define St(k,Rm),where u,<-l(k,r) and u,<+l(k,r) stand for incoming and outgoing Coulomb wave functions respectively which are given by I (±l(k )-+· [r(/+ l+i 17) ]2 [J[2"+iU+nJ w (-2 'u1 ,r - _l . e 1 1k r ) r(Z+I-z17) +i,,/+2 (3) where Ware the Whittaker functions. In the limit Rm oo St (k,Rm) ,the nuclear part of the S-matrix element , becomes St { k) and the redundant poles removed[1 ],[2].Now, the nuclear S-matrix element , in terms of the Whittaker functions is given by 143 Proceedings of the Annual Research Symposium 2008- Faculty of Graduate Studies University of Kelaniya where w' 1 (2ikr)-(k,r) W I (2ikr) IIJ, 1+-2 in'" 1+-2 , ,r 2 Rm W. 1 (-2ikr)-(-k,r)W 1 (-2ikr) -IIJ, I+-2 -ill ' 1+-2 P1(k,r) = u;(k,r) ,and St (k) has an essential singularity at k = 0, which u1(k,r) , (4) is apparent from the Wister's definition of the Gamma function l(z) smce z= l+ 1 ±i lJ .However, this singularity has no any physical meaning and is an outcome of treating 21Jk as well defined quantity for all k including k = 0 in the corresponding r Schrodinger equation .The infinite number of zeros and poles of S- matrix element due to the Gamma functions associated with S - matrix element have to be interpreted 1 carefully. S;'(k)=O at the zeros of ---- f(l+1+i1J ) and then the total wave function reduces to [ . ] I J( '7 +i(/+I)ZZ"j uj-l(k,r)=-i f(l+1-'7) e l 2 2 W (2ikr) f(l+1+zlJ) i11,1+l2 which is also zero. Even though the corresponding energies of these states are negative since the corresponding wave number is given by ? k= z · z,z2 e- 2 n= 0' 1' 2 , ... 11 (n+l+1) they are not physically meaningful bound states as found in[1],[2] long ago. These states are unphysical since poles are redundant poles. This fact is clearly understood by the fact that all these poles are absent in the physically meaningful total S - matrix element. For large 1k1, Sin' (k) (- ) { e-21k r S(k), where S(k) = [-ik+(k)] • +2k [ik-(-k)]. smce W = e- " for large k. Therefore the S-matrix element has an essential singularity at infinity, which is on the imaginary axis. It is clear that there are no redundant poles in the total S-matrix element is free from redundant poles sinceSJ (k) =SeS t , where Se = f(l + 1 + i7J) f(l+1-i1]) .Item A metric which represents a sphere of constant uniform density comprising electrically counterpoised dust,(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2008) Wimaladharma, N.A.S.N.; De Silva, Nalin.ABSTRACT Following the authors who have worked on this problem such Bonnor et.al 1•2 , Wickramasuriya3 and we write the metric which represents a sphere of constant density p = -1-, with suitable units, as ds2 = 47Z" (e(: ))2 c2 dt2 - ( e(r )Y ( dr2 + r2 dQ 2) ds2 = ( 1 B)' c'dT' - ( D + !)' (dR' + R2dQ') D+-R Ora A .!!! = e(a) dT (1+ ) (i) -2 ( ) -2 ( B (e(a) )3 B' a cdt = ) ( B )3 -7 cdT 1+-A => _dt = _-_B--'(,e(-'-a-- )Y---=----�(ii) dT A'B'(a{l + )' (1+ B => dr A ) -=-dR --B(a) _____ (iii) 154 Proceedi11gs of the A1111Ua/ Research Symposium 2008- Faculty of Graduate Studies U11iversity of Kela11iya From (i) and (ii), we have e(a1 = - B (B(a )Y 3 (t+ A) A'll'(a{l+ ) (1+ B ) From (iv), ( ) = !!_ (vi) Ba A __ (v) Using equation (vi) in equation (v), we have B -A'(:: } '(a) -a2ll'(a ) . Substituting the value of B in equation (iv), B(a )a = ( 1 + ) A = A+ B =A- a2B'(a) =>A= aB(a)+ a2B'(a) . Then the metric becomes ds2 = 1 c2 dt2 - (e( )Y (dr2 + r2 dQ2) (e(r )Y r dsz = 1 cz dT z - (1- (a2B '(a))J 2 ( dRz + R z dQ z ) (t _(a'(a))J' R where A=(ae(a )+ a2B'(a ))Item Employee Reactions to Human Resource Management in SMEs; Evidence from Gampaha District in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Weerakkody, W.A.S.; Ediriweera, A.N.Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in the economy of Sri Lanka. Despite the ethnic unrest prevailed in the country, SMEs have shown a striking progress over the past two decades. The practice of effective human resource management (HRM) is one that has shown to be an integral part ofsmall business success. Therefore, the goal of this paper was to examine employee reactions to human resource management (HRM) in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Gampaha District. The study adds to the literature that helps the understanding ofHRM policies and practices in SMEs in Sri Lanka. This emphasizes the importance of exploring employee reactions towards HRM policies, procedures, practices, and other aspects of HRM. For this purpose, a survey of 100 employees drawn from ten small organizations in Gampaha District was conducted. The survey investigated HR practices in six major areas of recruitment, selection, training and development, rewards, promotion, performance evaluation and health and safety. Data was collected through a questionnaire developed by researchers. Furthermore, on-site interviews were carried out with managers, CEOs, and owner managers in SMEs. The findings from the study indicated a positive attitude of employees towards HRM practices such as promotion from inside, staffing, equal employment opportunity, quality of training, reasonable compensation and paid vacation and sick days. Moreover, under this phenomenon the evidence also showed that productivity has been increasing while employee turnover, absenteeism, and grievances are low. However, the evidence also revealed that training in many SMEs was not integrated in a planned way to employee career development in SMEs.Item Financial Constraints faced by Small Business Entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Wijetunge, W.A.D.S.Big companies no longer the dominant players in developing new products and services in economies. It has generally been recognized that the top-down approach is not the best way to face this challenge. In order to be flexible, people have to take initiative to exploit new opportunities, create new businesses etc. In this setting, small business entrepreneurs play a vital role specially in developing economies. Raising capital for the entrepreneurship is very important at both start up stage and the growing stage of businesses. But empirical evidence shows that entrepreneurs face many difficulties in satisfying their funding needs. Further, many small businesses had to close their doors merely because of the financial problems. Therefore, it becomes crucial to study this situation in the Sri Lankan context. The objectives of the study are to identify the main sources of financing, financial barriers and study the financial support of financial and other institutions. The research methodology is basically inductive and the data was collected through a structured questionnaire and interviews. A sample of 50 entrepreneurs was selected randomly in Gampaha district. Simple statistical methods such as graphs, tables and percentages were used to analyze the data. The study concluded that 92% had some difficulty in financing their businesses. 86% respondents did not go for bank loans at the start up stage because the relationship with financial institutions is not at a satisfactory level. Further, they are not satisfied with the government incentives. Consequently it is essential to formulate a favorable policy to increase government contribution towards development of the small business sector.Item Skills Mismatch and Identification of Job Skills Expected by Employers(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Patabendige, S.S.In analyzing the unemployment problem confronted by the educated youths in Sri Lanka, 'skills mismatch' hypothesis, first articulated by the ILO Mission to Sri Lanka in 1971 is still highly emphasized as a major reason. Those who stress the orthodox view of the mismatch hypothesis believe unreservedly that although the economy has employment opportunities jobs expected by a large amount of job seekers are not adequately found or they do not fit to the prevailing jobs. Particularly, the private sector business leaders ascribe this mismatch primarily to weaknesses of the system of university education of the country. Taking these criticisms into consideration, the university authorities have taken a number of steps to develop skills of undergraduates. Dassanyake and Karunaratna (1996) emphasised that there was a great need for a change in the existing methods of teaching, particularly for Commerce and Management undergraduates proposing to introduce a number of steps. Among them the following recommendations are worth mentioning: arranging staff development programmes for lecturers; adopting continuous evaluation methods with the introduction of course unit system; providing opportunities for students to evaluate their lecturers and making collaborations with the industry. Anecdotal evidence shows that within a period of less than a decade from making these recommendations they have been successfully put into practice by almost all the Commerce and Management faculties in the university system. However, research attempts have not yet been directed sufficiently to find the kinds of skills expected by employers from job aspirants in the Sri Lankan labour market. Such assessment of skills is important for the university authorities as a kind of feedback to formulate their courses of study to narrow down the skills mismatch gap among undergraduates so that they can be readily employable. For this purpose, this study carried out a survey of 1360 news paper advertisements based on Sunday Observer and Sunday Times News Papers for a period of one month starting from 27th of July 2008. This gave a good snapshot situation of the skills expected from job aspirants with higher education by the employers. According to this survey, 38 % of job advertisement expect fluency I excellent I good communicational ability in English, 19 % of computer literacy, 8 % of excellent interpersonal skills, 4% of ability to work independently, 6% of ability ofhaving team work, 4% of achieving targets, 4% of willing to work long hours, 3 % to have leadership skills, 4 % of personal relations skills, 3 % of analytical skills, 1 % of customer relationship skills and 6 % to have motivated, young and energetic persons. In this scenario, it is vitally important to examine how far the current university education system has been successful in inculcating these skills among graduates for make them reaily employable by carrying out a more comprehensive research study.Item Job Opportunities Available for Special Degree Management Graduates: A survey carried out based on newspaper advertisements(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Patabendige, S.S.; Jayawickramarathna, W.Unemployment among the educated youths is relatively higher than those of the less educated. This problem is more acute for graduates, particularly among the art graduates. But, management graduates are also finding difficulties in obtaining suitable jobs without waiting for a considerable length of time after their graduation. Various reasons have been put forward for analyzing graduate unemployment. Among them skills mismatch, inadequate economic growth and queuing up for the public sector or the good private sector jobs are prominent. In this setting, there is a research gap with regards to the identification of various job opportunities available for graduates. This study, therefore, aims at filling this gap with a view to guiding educational and other relevant policy makers to mitigate this prolong problem. For this purpose, this study carried out a survey of news paper advertisements based on Sunday Observer and Sunday Times News Papers for a period of one month starting from 27th of July 2008. This gave a good snapshot situation of the job opportunities available for educated youths commonly for all (both non-graduates and graduates) in the Sri Lankan labour market. According to this survey, it could be found that 2 1 % of all job opportunities were related to the field ofMarketing, 13.5% of job opportunities to the field of Accounting and 12% of job opportunities to the field of General Management. Further analysis of the survey data revealed that job opportunities available only for Management graduates give a different picture. Accordingly, 23% of job opportunities were opened to General Management graduates, while 9% and 8% of job opportunities were available for Marketing and Accounting graduates respectively. In this scenario, what is needed is producing more general graduates rather than producing graduates with specializations in narrower fields. But, this study finds that this trend is inconsistent with the way Commerce and Management Degree Programmes are being expanded by almost all the Faculties of Commerce and Management studies in the University system. These faculties are on the move to introduce more and more specialized programmes, and as a result, this study concludes that this phenomenon will not ease the graduate unemployment or reduce their waiting time for obtaining employment.