ARS - 2008
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Item Code-Switching and Code-Mixing among the Sri Lankan Sinhala Speakers(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Karnalasuriya, H.K.As occurring in every bilingual community, in Sri Lanka, too, code-mixing and code switching in speech, has become a common phenomenon, specially, among the Sri Lankan Sinhala speakers. They mix Sinhala and English often when they communicate and it has become a threat to our mother-tongue Sinhala. This paper focuses on how the Sri Lankan Sinhalese mix codes in speech the investigations of their speech patterns, and how code switching and code mixing has become a threat to the mother- tongue. A maj or aim of this study is to find out the possible causes, why and how people code switch or mix in discourse. It is shown that from a socio-functional perspective, the bilingual may use code -mixing for expressing modernization. In the second part of this study the characteristic features of the code- mixers and code-switchers are considered phonologically, morphologically and syntactically. The next section discusses how the attitudes of people towards code-mixing has changed from negative to positive and that it has imposed itself as the norm of language use in most bilingual - communities. Finally, this study discusses briefly the impact of code-mixing on language structure. A survey of the literature on code-mixing in different bilingual communities reveals that the use of code-mixing normally brings changes and innovations in the language structure.Item A metric which represents a sphere of constant uniform density comprising electrically counterpoised dust,(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2008) Wimaladharma, N.A.S.N.; De Silva, Nalin.ABSTRACT Following the authors who have worked on this problem such Bonnor et.al 1•2 , Wickramasuriya3 and we write the metric which represents a sphere of constant density p = -1-, with suitable units, as ds2 = 47Z" (e(: ))2 c2 dt2 - ( e(r )Y ( dr2 + r2 dQ 2) ds2 = ( 1 B)' c'dT' - ( D + !)' (dR' + R2dQ') D+-R Ora A .!!! = e(a) dT (1+ ) (i) -2 ( ) -2 ( B (e(a) )3 B' a cdt = ) ( B )3 -7 cdT 1+-A => _dt = _-_B--'(,e(-'-a-- )Y---=----�(ii) dT A'B'(a{l + )' (1+ B => dr A ) -=-dR --B(a) _____ (iii) 154 Proceedi11gs of the A1111Ua/ Research Symposium 2008- Faculty of Graduate Studies U11iversity of Kela11iya From (i) and (ii), we have e(a1 = - B (B(a )Y 3 (t+ A) A'll'(a{l+ ) (1+ B ) From (iv), ( ) = !!_ (vi) Ba A __ (v) Using equation (vi) in equation (v), we have B -A'(:: } '(a) -a2ll'(a ) . Substituting the value of B in equation (iv), B(a )a = ( 1 + ) A = A+ B =A- a2B'(a) =>A= aB(a)+ a2B'(a) . Then the metric becomes ds2 = 1 c2 dt2 - (e( )Y (dr2 + r2 dQ2) (e(r )Y r dsz = 1 cz dT z - (1- (a2B '(a))J 2 ( dRz + R z dQ z ) (t _(a'(a))J' R where A=(ae(a )+ a2B'(a ))Item ශ්රී ලංකාවේ විශ්වවිද්යාල වල හින්දුස්ථානී රාගධාරී සංගීතය ඉගෙනුම් ඉගැන්වීම් ක්රියාවලියේදී භාවිත වන ශිල්ප ක්රම(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Dias, W.K.R.R.Item Biocide testing programme for control of lichens on archeological monuments at World Heritage sites in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Fernando, S.; Jayaratne, D.L.Cultural monuments in the world heritage sites in Sri Lanka have suffered many disfigurements over the centuries due to a variety of threats. The main threats are the biological agents such as higher plants, bryophytes, algae, fungi and lichens. Lichen is a symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga that appears to be a single plant. These lichens attached firmly to the surfaces of monuments and as they grow and spread progressively weaken the surface making disfigurement of monuments. This study focused on finding the safe and best effective treatment which can remove and control all the different types of lichens growing on stone monuments at Sigiriya and Anuradapura. The two acceptable methods for the removal of lichens from the archeological monuments are the physical removal and the chemical treatment for eradication. The application of biocide chemicals for the complete eradication of lichens have been considered as the most effective method than physical removal which allows remaining microscopic propagules eventually colonize monument surface making more denser cover than the previous colonization. Therefore, seven commercially available biocides; "Captan, Mancozeb, F olicur, Hadonal D, Paraquat, Mergal S 89 and No More Mould" were tested on the stone monuments in three different locations at Sigiriya and one location at "Abayagiriya Monastry", Anuradapura. To begin treatments, the lichen inhabiting surface areas of 1 00cm2 quadrates were marked on the stone monuments. Then randomly selected five quadrates in each location were assigned to each of the biocide treatment. The manufacturers recommended concentrations of the biocides were spayed at the rate of 0.03ml/cm2 onto the lichens inhabiting surface area of the assigned quadrates using hand operated sprayers. The observations were recorded every three months intervals during the 18 months period. Data were analyzed statistically using two-way ANOVA. The treatments showed highly significant effects on lichen control (p< 0.001). Further the Tukey's multiple comparison tests concluded that the product "No more mould" has highly significant positive control effect on the eradication of lichens in the treated areas. This product is an effective biocide recommended for the eradication of both partners (the fungi and algae) of the symbiotic association of lichens. Also, the treatment showed some kind of sealer effect to retard recolonization of lichens and other growth forms for a minimum of one year period on the treated quadrates of the stone monuments.Item Impact of the Job Stress on Employee Turnover Intention of Nonmanagerial Employees in the Garment Manufacturing Industry in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Chathurani, R.A.I.; Sangarandenya, Y.M.S.W.V.Today many organizations have confronted with the problem of higher level of employee turnover as it brings higher replacement cost to these companies. Specially analyzing the current situation of the Garment Manufacturing Industry (GMI), it is observed that the turnover intention of non-managerial employees is greater than its expected level and have become a major threat to their existence. The job stress is one of the major facts which tremendously influencing on this problem. This study mostly focused to identify the impact job stress (JS) on employee turnover intention (TI) of non-managerial employees in the garment manufacturing industry in Sri Lanka. The sample of employees (n=240) was randomly selected from 10 organizations in the GMI. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire and they were analyzed using Licket's five scale ranking method. This research is basically consisting of the characteristics of descriptive and explanatory study. Data relevant to goal conflict, task demand, work over-load, organizational structure, work relationships, self turnover intention and other's perceived turnover intention were analyzed in this study. It was found that there were about 67.5% higher level of employee stress and also about 75% higher level of turnover intention of non-managerial employees. These facts indicate the real situation in the GMI in terms of higher level of JS and higher level of TI thereto, which it confronted with. And it was found that there was a 0.89 higher positive eo-relationship between JS and employee Tl. Therefore, impact of job stress on non-managerial employee turnover intention of the considered organizations is very high and it has become a burning problem and enormous threat to the GMI of Sri Lanka. As the overall conclusion it can be concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between the job stress and the nonmanagerial employee turnover intention. Consequently, GMI should take steps to reduce job related stress of the NMES.Item An analysis of the Effectiveness of English Medium Instruction at the University of Kelaniya(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Weerasinghe, M.Over the past decade, many Sri Lankan universities have shifted to offering English as a medium of instruction in their degree courses. Furthermore, several sub sections of these universities have made the English stream compulsory for all students. This paper will analyse how students have been affected by these shifts in policy, and whether these changes are helping advance the goals that were outlined when implementing them. Research has shown that in many developing countries, a strong correlation exists between external funding and English language policy changes (Brock-utne, 2002), and that many of these shifts are often fueled by external pressure (Phillipson, 2001) and are made without a satisfactory understanding of the mechanics of language acquisition. This paper will examine the circumstances surrounding policy changes in the departments being studied, and compare the goals of these initiatives with the results they actually deliver. Specifically, this paper will focus on the new English language policies of the Faculty of Commerce and Management of the University of Kelaniya, and attempt to analyse how effective they have been in helping undergraduates switch over to the English medium. In order to do so, this project will use both qualitative and quantitative research, including questionnaires, interviews with members of faculty and an analysis of student grades.Item Social Geographical study on early adolescent pregnancy: a case study in the Warakapola divisional secretariat division(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Rathnasekara, S.R.L.S.Early adolescent pregnancy (within the age groups of 10-19) has become a critical issue in the contemporary world as well as in Sri Lanka. This leads to cripple the society in many ways since it has already created many problems in terms of socio-economic, cultural, and family problems around the world. As a developing country, where majority of Sri Lankan yet live in economically backward rural areas the problem of early adolescent pregnancy has become a critical barrier to the development process. The present paper discusses the issue in detail pertaining to the three mid-wife areas in Warakapola divisional secretariat division. Data was collected for this study, mainly through the field studies using questionnaire. As sample of 30 mothers out of 87 cases recorded, for 2000-2006 was selected for the survey. Statistical methods and the Geographical Information Systems have assisted for data analysis. According to the study poverty is the main reason to the process. The mental poverty was the outstanding problem among these. And also the educational level, caste system, level of living, and degree of social integrity strongly affect the intensity of occurrence of early adolescent pregnancy in the study area. Majority of the early adolescent mothers live with their legal husbands. Many mothers are worried about their fate, but some of them are satisfied with their family life and children. Their main request is a permanent source of income to settle their basic economic problems. This study explored a single aspect of social problems, which leads to create a link with the other problems in the rural areas of Sri Lanka. Therefore, the findings of this study would be important in numerous ways to policy makers, planners and other relevant researchers, in order to assist and guide in regulating the process of granting redress for the suffering. Besides the conclusion of the study suggests certain measures to lessen the impact of this issue.Item සංගීත මුදෘකාංග භාවිතය මගින් කලාකරුවාගේ අනන්යතාවයට හා වෘත්තීය අවස්ථා වලට ඇතිවන බලපෑම පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනාත්මක අධ්යයනයක්(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Priyadarshana, G.D.S.Item News Reporting and Editing Content analysis on selected 5 news stories on crime reporting (Times of India and The Hindu -15th March-20th March 2007)(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Nishshanke, C.Journalists picked news stories from the society. Then these news stories are not totally new for the readers. News exert from the readers own experiences, from the reality. But journalists analysis it and present it in totally new way. Journalist selects a story from common experience and analysis it with a new dimension. In that way he can create completely new news for his readers. News is mostly defined by its qualities. The qualities are timeliness, proximity, prominence, consequence, rarity and human interest. Sometimes we can categorize news as hard news and soft news. According to this explanation crime reporting is related to timeliness, proximity and human interest. And we can identify it as a category of hard news. Newspapers report crimes just after it happened; not after few days or few weeks. When some one writes a good news story he/she follows an action plan. But when a journalist reports a crime incidence, he/she can not follow all theoretical structures. Crime is an unexpected instant incidence. Nobody cannot control its nature. Journalist should adjust to report crime incident with its own nature and own characteristics. With any of these difficulties, when journalist report crime news, that news should follow the basic concepts of reporting. According to these 5 crime stories this study, we can have an idea of news reporting in Indian news papers. If there is an unknown personal crime, news media will cover it in a balance and fair manner. But if it is connected with powerful social classes or political society, then the news media start to work with their institutional agendas. They look at the incident through the frame of their owners political agenda.Item An analysis of the differences between male and female writing in the ESL classroom(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Perera, P.V.N.It is already established that there is a difference between "women's language" and "men's language". Research has shown that there is a significant difference in the performance related to language between male and female students in ESL classrooms. However, most of the research conducted so far has mainly focused on the different styles of speaking between males and females. This paper seeks to explore whether there is a difference in writing in English between male and female undergraduates of the University ofKelaniya. A sample of essays, written on the same topic, by 30 male and 30 female undergraduates, randomly chosen from those who follow the course English for Communication-ELTU 13012 at the English Language Unit of the university, will be analysed to investigate if their writing style and content differ according to their gender. The findings of this study will contribute to the development of lesson material and teaching material and allow for lesson planners and teachers to deliver their content in a manner that will be beneficial for both genders.Item Singularities of the elastic S-matrix element,(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2008) Jayasinghe, W.J.M.L.P.; Piyadasa, R.A.D.It is well known that the standard conventional method of integral equations is not able to explain the analyticity of the elastic S-matrix element for the nuclear optical potential including the Coulomb potential. It has been shown[1],[2] that the cutting down of the potential at a large distance is essential to get rid of the redundant poles of the S-matrix element in case of an attractive exponentially decaying potential. This method has been found [3] to be quite general and it does not change the physics of the problem. Using this method , analiticity and the singularities of the S-matrix element is discussed. Singularities of the elastic S-matrix element Partial wave radial wave equation of angular momentum l corresponding to elastic scattering is given by, [ d2 - 2 /(/+ 1)] 2p [ . ] 2 + k - 2 u1(k,r)=-2 V(r)+ Vc(r)+ zW(r) u1(k,r) M r n (1) where V (r) is the real part of nuclear potential, W (r) is the imaginary part of the optical potential · (r) is the Coulomb potential, and k is the incident wave number. Energy dependence of the optical potential is usually through laboratory energy E1ah and hence it depend on k2 and therefore k2- 2 [V(r) + Vc(r) + i W(r)] is depending on k n through e . It is Well known that . (r) is independent Of k Jn Order tO make U 1 ( k, r) an entire function of k , we impose k independent boundary condition at the origin . Now, we can make use of a well known theorem of Poincare to deduce that the wave function is an entire function of k2 and hence it is an entire function of k as well. We cut off the exponential tails of the optical potential at sufficiently large Rm and use the relation -1 --d u1 =.:u ;<--l -(k,-r)--s--'-r (--k,R--m----') u-'-;(+l--- ( k,-r) u, dr u/-l(k ,r)-sr(k,Rm) uj+l(k,r) (2) to define St(k,Rm),where u,<-l(k,r) and u,<+l(k,r) stand for incoming and outgoing Coulomb wave functions respectively which are given by I (±l(k )-+· [r(/+ l+i 17) ]2 [J[2"+iU+nJ w (-2 'u1 ,r - _l . e 1 1k r ) r(Z+I-z17) +i,,/+2 (3) where Ware the Whittaker functions. In the limit Rm oo St (k,Rm) ,the nuclear part of the S-matrix element , becomes St { k) and the redundant poles removed[1 ],[2].Now, the nuclear S-matrix element , in terms of the Whittaker functions is given by 143 Proceedings of the Annual Research Symposium 2008- Faculty of Graduate Studies University of Kelaniya where w' 1 (2ikr)-(k,r) W I (2ikr) IIJ, 1+-2 in'" 1+-2 , ,r 2 Rm W. 1 (-2ikr)-(-k,r)W 1 (-2ikr) -IIJ, I+-2 -ill ' 1+-2 P1(k,r) = u;(k,r) ,and St (k) has an essential singularity at k = 0, which u1(k,r) , (4) is apparent from the Wister's definition of the Gamma function l(z) smce z= l+ 1 ±i lJ .However, this singularity has no any physical meaning and is an outcome of treating 21Jk as well defined quantity for all k including k = 0 in the corresponding r Schrodinger equation .The infinite number of zeros and poles of S- matrix element due to the Gamma functions associated with S - matrix element have to be interpreted 1 carefully. S;'(k)=O at the zeros of ---- f(l+1+i1J ) and then the total wave function reduces to [ . ] I J( '7 +i(/+I)ZZ"j uj-l(k,r)=-i f(l+1-'7) e l 2 2 W (2ikr) f(l+1+zlJ) i11,1+l2 which is also zero. Even though the corresponding energies of these states are negative since the corresponding wave number is given by ? k= z · z,z2 e- 2 n= 0' 1' 2 , ... 11 (n+l+1) they are not physically meaningful bound states as found in[1],[2] long ago. These states are unphysical since poles are redundant poles. This fact is clearly understood by the fact that all these poles are absent in the physically meaningful total S - matrix element. For large 1k1, Sin' (k) (- ) { e-21k r S(k), where S(k) = [-ik+(k)] • +2k [ik-(-k)]. smce W = e- " for large k. Therefore the S-matrix element has an essential singularity at infinity, which is on the imaginary axis. It is clear that there are no redundant poles in the total S-matrix element is free from redundant poles sinceSJ (k) =SeS t , where Se = f(l + 1 + i7J) f(l+1-i1]) .Item Study of double junction effect on the quantum efficiency of optical devices(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Hansameenu, W.P.T.; Siripala, W.P.In practical optical devices one of the most important parameter which determines the performance of the device is the quantum efficiency. Generally, an optical device is fabricated using a junction between two semiconductors or a junction between a metal and a semiconductor. However, in practice formation of unwanted junctions during the fabrication stage of the optical devices is a major problem and it will result in the reduction of the overall performance of the device. In this investigation, a theoretical study was carried out on an optical device made by using a semiconductor/ metal junction to study this eff�ct. The formation of an additional junction at the back contact was considered as the reason for the formation of a double junction. In the study, photoinduced charge separation at the two space charge layers was considered as the main contribution to the photocurrents. Both drift current and diffusion current of the majority and minority carriers are considered in the continuity equation for calculating the total current produced by the device. Absorption of photons in the semiconductor was calculated using the variation of the absorption coefficient with the wavelength of the direct band gap semiconductor Cu20. In solving the continuity equation, the absorption of light in both space charge regions and creation of electron- hole pairs and the motion of the carriers in opposite directions were considered. The computed variation of the quantum efficiency with the wavelength of the incident light agreed well with the reported experimental results. We could observe that the efficiency of the device is drastically reduced as a result of the double junction effect. Further, with our model it was possible to explain the observation of the variation of direction of photocurrent with the wavelength, as a result of the existence of a double junction. In conclusion, using the computed quantum efficiency variation with the wavelength it was possible to obtain the junction parameters of an optical device using experimental data.Item Kandyan temple murals: a comparative study of murals of the Kandyan Kingodm and the Maritime Provinces during the 17th and 18th centuries(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Koggalage, D.Temple murals of the Kandyan tradition were a visual media which indicated the attitudes and beliefs of the people of Sri Lanka during the 17th and 18th centuries. These murals are not only works of art but also authentic historical sources. Thus, these murals can be used as primary sources for the study of the history of the Kandyan Kingdom as well as the colonial influence on the Maritime Provinces. The paper would focus on the attitudes and the observations of the artists regarding the colonial rule and the social influence of the colonizers on traditional society. A marked difference could be seen in indicating such attitudes and observations of the artists who created the murals in the Kandyan temples from those of the artists who created murals in the temples of the Maritime Provinces. The aim of this paper is to critically examine this difference. Although artists used the same style of drawing i.e. the style popularly known as the Kandyan style, the contents of the murals of the two regions indicate notable differences. These differences, when defined historically indicate the distinct manner in which the attitudes of the two regions were formed during colonial rule.Item A parapsychology analysis of undiagnosed diseases(University of Kelaniya, 2008) de Silva, D.M.D.R.Undiagnosed diseases are particular types of diseases that could not investigate the etiology and causal factors. These diseases couldn't be managed successfully by recognized medical techniques. But the patients still suffer from physical aliments. Hence, undiagnosed disease has become a puzzle in medical science and at the same time it becomes an endless, trouble to the patient. Parapsychology, a sub field of psychology is the discipline which studies metaphysical basis of the human behavior. The metaphysical factors which are study in parapsychology are karmic laws, supernatural beings, voodoo and extra sensory perception. The objective of this paper is to study the para psychological factors of undiagnosed diseases. For this purpose five cases were selected, and all five patients have gone through a long period of Western medical treatment, investigations from various medical doctors, both MBBS and consultants. As they have not received a successful clear finally got the treatment of white magic and were cured. To study the five cases their prescriptions, Xtray reports were collected. The prescriptions and test reports were submitted to a natural psychology consultant and his opinion was sort. Secondly a psychological opinion on the same prescription test report were obtained. As the final step the demonologist who did the white magic treatment was interviewed. And his opinion on the illness was also taken in to consideration. The study shows that white magic could successfully manage undiagnosed diseases in which Western medicine and psycho therapy failed.Item ගෝරා සහ සමාජය (රවීන්ද්රනාථ ඨකූර්ගේ ගෝරා නවකතාව පිළිබඳ සමාජ විද්යාත්මක අධ්යයනයකි(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Eranda, K.Item The religious intercourse between Sri Lanka and Siam (Thailand) as depicted in Jinakalamali(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Gunawardhana, N.S.The book Jinakalamali, the chronicle of Siam, contributes to the study of Sri Lankan history. This book gives many details about the religious intercourse between Sri Lanka and Siam in 13'" - 15'11 centuries. Ratanapachcha thero was the author of it. This book discloses. 1. Enshrining of the Relic in Seruvila Stupa. 2. Religious contribution of the kings in the Anuradhapura period (Devanampiyatissa to Mahasena) 3. A special Buddhist statue Seehalapatima which was brought from Sri Lanka to Siam and the homage it received from the leaders of Siam. 4. Contribution of Udumbara Mahasami of Sri Lanka and his followers to develop the Siam religious activities. Most of the information given in Jinakalamali could be proved through inscriptions in Siam. If not for the Mahavansa some information given in the jinakalamali could not have been correctly understood as they are given in such a shorten form. However the value of jinakalamali is that the book reveals the contribution of Sinhalese Buddhist monks to establish Buddhism in Siam.Item Trends of Sri Lankan new filmmakers in cinema(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Nimalachandra, K.M.D.C.In the early 1950's under the Sir Lankan cinema industry was in the nascent stage, the cinema was growing large crowd. But since of late the public response for cinema has been declining and this has let to the closing of threats and a reduction in the number of films produced. This has also badly affected the young people who wish to join the film industry in Sri Lanka. They are unable to gain any benefits for their investment in visual creations as such young people in the industry face numerous problems. Due to that new filmmakers are trying to use vivid methods to reduce the cost of film or creation. In this research, This research studied about the methods of new film makers are ado to reduce the cost of creation. Case study methods and indepth interviews have been used as the study methodology. Secondary data have been used as sources. Another new trend of young film makers, we can see is that they used digital technology for their creations, create number of short film than before and they display their short film for international film festivals.Item Students' attendance in English courses offered by English Language Teaching Units in Universities(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Cooray, M.Students' attendance in Proficiency Courses in English offered by English Language Teaching Units ( ELTUs) in universities is claimed to be deteriorating in comparison to attendance in other lectures. This problem is common to a considerable number of universities such as university of Colombo, Sri-Jayawardanapura, Kelaniya and Ruhuna especially in the faculties of Arts, Management and Law. There is research to prove that absenteeism can be a demotivating factor, which can have a negative impact on administration, lecturers, instructors and the students who regularly participate in lectures. When the students get absent for English lessons the repercussions are severe as English is a language, which has to be acquired through lot of practice. This study was an attempt to investigate the causes pertaining to poor attendance in English courses offered by ELTUs in universities. It was conducted with a special focus to the faculty of Management and Finance, University of Colombo. In conducting this research students attendance registers were analyzed. Questionnaires were administered. Interviews and group discussions were conducted. Chi-squire test of independence was applied in relation to attendance and performance. At the end of the research inconvenient time tables, the load of work in the main subjects and the professional subjects, lack of interest, unsatisfactory classroom conditions, traditional teaching methods and outdated lesson materials are investigated as notable factors that affect attendance.Item The use of symbols and 'colour' for sports festivals.(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2008) Ramanyaka, Nilantha.The aim of this paper is to discuss the significance of 'Symbols'and the use of 'Colour' at national and international sporting events and festivals. Historical evidence reveals that the symbols and colors were used from the time of very early civilisations in the world. Some of the evidence is related with the development of human languages. However, with the development of civilizations and languages, verbal communication was placed forefront in order to present thoughts and feelings of the living elements of the universe. In the recent past the human interaction has resorted once again to non-verbal communication methods. In sport this phenomenon is widely used for a number of reasons and purposes. The use of emblems and colours in sporting events were initially done for promotional purposes. However emblems and colour were used to eonvey a powerful concept without the help of words. This study focuses on the importance of symbols and colours used in sporting events and the level of impact on the spectators. Based on data gathered from secondary sources this study hopes to discuss comparatively the use of symbols, and colours in national and international events held during the recent years. In most instances it is apparent that emblems are used in national sporting festivals as a showcase of the heritage of the respective country, in addition the emblems and colours are also used for the promotion of that event. Therefore the ability to reproduce this image on any number of products and surfaces would increase the viability of the emblem as well.Item Social impact of Buddhist Meditation and Mental Development(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Peiris, H.R.N.Buddhist meditation is just not meant for attaining Nibbana. This could also be employed to improve life of a secular person. Sangarava Suttha in Samyutta Nikaya and Anguttara Nikaya explain how can secular person improve his life. These suttas shows that if one dwells with a mind that is obsessed and oppressed by sensual lust, ill will sloth and torpor, restlessness and worry, and doubt, neither knows nor sees as it really is or one's own good or the good of others; or the good of both. Aranna N agopama Satta inAnguttarna Nikaya explains how one can clear his mind from five hindrances and what the benefits he gains by it are. Lord Buddha said in Samadhi Bhavana Sutta in Samytta Nikaya "Develop concentration. One who is concentrated understands things as they are." There are three ways of making merit according to the Punnakiriyavatta sutta. They are 1. Making merit by giving alms 2. Making merit by virtue 3. Making merit by development of meditation According to the Sutta it is clear that mediation is one of the three which will help making merit. And it shows that giving alms, virtue and developing meditation are interconnected. According Visuddhimagga there are forty meditation subjects which came under seven I categories. If we take the first four catergaries for example, 1. There are ten kasinas, which develop concentration 2. There are ten foulness, which helps to understand the nature of the body and the world 3. There are ten recollections, which helps to understand the reality of the world 4. Four abodes will helps to develop healthy relationship with others. All these subjects are focus on the person's mental development which help him to maintain a proper social life. Therefore Buddhist meditation can be used as a tool to manage organizations which have to manage people; such as schools, universities, and work organizations.