Economics
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Item The effect of board characteristics on tax aggressiveness: the case of listed entities in Sri Lanka(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2023) Shamil, Mohamed Mihilar; Gooneratne, Dulni Wanya; Gunathilaka, Dasitha; Shaikh, Junaid M.Purpose – This study examines the effect of board characteristics on the tax aggressiveness of listed companies on the Colombo Stock Exchange in Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach – The sample consists of 264 firm-year observations of non-financial listed companies in Sri Lanka from 2014 to 2019. The dynamic panel system GMM technique was used to test the hypotheses, and further analyses were performed using the propensity score matching technique. Findings – All four effective tax rate measures’ mean values were lower than the statutory tax rate, indicating the likelihood of tax planning. Whether board attributes are likely to mitigate tax aggressiveness is uncertain because the results are inconsistent and depend on the ETR measure. Similarly, the logistic regression results derived using the PSM approach are inconsistent, suggesting that board characteristics may have a limited effect on tax aggressiveness. Hence, the corporate governance-tax aggressiveness nexus is limited in the case of Sri Lanka. Research limitations/implications – This investigation is limited to non-financial listed companies in Sri Lanka and incorporates only four tax aggressiveness measures. Findings are imperative for policymakers, regulators, and professional bodies to improve corporate governance codes and rules to enhance organizational transparency toward corporate tax payments. Social implications – Aggressive tax planning by companies will reduce government tax revenue, hinder social progress, and cause public mistrust of large corporations and institutions. Originality/value – This study provides insight into the nexus between corporate governance and tax aggressiveness in a middle-income economy in South Asia hit by an economic crisis where tax revenue has fallen and tax enforcement is weak.Item Elements of microfinance on spatial poverty alleviation in Sri Lanka: Structural equation modeling(Policy Studies Organization., 2022) Kumari, P.Sri Lanka being a developing country, its poverty can be identified as a serious issue for the development of the country. Poverty can be identified as a spatial characteristic in Sri Lanka which can be seen in the high poverty rates in several areas as the result of disparities of natural and physical resources distribution and, geographical disadvantages. Microfinance has been identified as a significant tool for eradicating poverty in many Asian countries after the 1990s. Sri Lanka also launched several microfinance programs to reduce poverty in the country. Despite the availability of microfinance in Sri Lanka, very few studies have been carried out; therefore, only limited knowledge of the empirical and theoretical impacts of the various microfinance elements on poverty alleviation is available. This study is an attempt to remedy this paucity of knowledge. Primary data were gathered through a Likert scale questionnaire that was distributed among 497 borrowers of the Samurdhi microfinance program. This sample was chosen from five districts of Sri Lanka. Structural Equation Modeling was used for testing the hypotheses. The findings of the study revealed that microcredit was the most significant element of microfinance for alleviating spatial poverty in Sri Lanka. Nonfinancial Services and Insurance Services also had a positive impact on spatial poverty alleviation. Micro Savings and Social Intermediation Services did not have a notable positive impact on spatial poverty alleviation in Sri Lanka. The findings of this study enhance the existing knowledge of microfinance, providing conceptual and empirical contributions. This study could substantially contribute to the government by offering it deeper insight into its programs. Therefore, policymakers and regulators will be able to introduce better tools for eradicating poverty, based on this new knowledge.Item Multidimensionality of urban poverty: an inquiry into the crucial factors affecting well-being of the urban poor in Sri Lanka(International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, United Kingdom, 2015) Semasinghe, W.M.Although, identification of the nature of poverty in a specific setting is crucial for poverty analysis and designing targeted poverty reducing programs, there is no consensus among researchers, policymakers etc. on the dimensions of poverty, due to the multidimensionality and the universality of the phenomena. Even the criteria for selecting dimensions used in the literature remain controversial. Although, the poverty has been greatly discussed recently in Sri Lanka as in many other developing countries, most of the analysts have focused mainly on the identification of incidence and trends of poverty based on uni-dimensional approach. It is hard to find the methodical attempts which are made to identify the border aspects of well-being and poverty of mankind. The main objective of this paper is to identify the dimensions of urban poverty in the light of conventional methodologies and historical knowledge. Qizilbash’s ‘core poor’ framework was applied in this analysis. Findings revealed that shelter, clean drinking water, children’s education, health service, environmental pollution, addiction to drugs/ alcoholism, uncertainty about the future, sanitation, domestic violence and stability of livelihood are the crucial factors of well-being of urban poor.Item The Impact and Sustainability of Remittances on Sri Lanka’s Economic Development(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2012) Bachama, Y.N.Workers’ remittances consist of goods or financial instruments transferred by migrants living and working abroad to residents of the home of the migrants. There is no doubt that workers’ remittances can spur economic development. Evidence abounds that workers’ remittances in many nations have helped in no small way in the development of the countries. The impact of remittances on development is both at the macro and micro level. Have remittances impacted on Sri Lanka’s economic development? Could the impact be sustained? And, for how long could it be sustained? The objective of this study is to find out the impact of remittances on economic development in Sri Lanka, and the sustainability or otherwise of the foreign capital inflow into Sri Lanka. Secondary data was collected and used for this study. The study confirmed that remittances have impacted positively on the economic growth and development of Sri Lanka at both macro and micro level, but the study found that sustaining such inflow of foreign capital may be hampered by growing resentment against foreign workers in many countries of the world, macroeconomic instability across nations that is becoming more frequent et cetera.Item FIXED POINT THEOREMS FOR DISCONTINUOUS MAPS ON A NON-CONVEX DOMAIN(Metroeconomica, 2013) Fujimoto, T.This paper introduces economists to some ?xed point theorems for discontinuous mappings with non-convex images on a non-convex domain. These theorems have recently been developed based on a new approach by mathematical economists and mathematicians. The new method of proof is ?rst transformed into a sort of metatheorem, which is then used to obtain a set of necessary and suf?cient conditions for a map to have a ?xed point. Some ?xed point theorems for discontinuous maps are then explained in more concrete cases. The formulations are intended for easier applications towards economic models involving discontinuity as well as non-convexity.Item Teaching Strategies in Higher Education(2011) Saxena, V.N.Most universities follow the approaches of student-centered learning, group working, maintaining log-books, role playing and various forms of practical work. Higher education in universities has moved from elite to mass education and shifted from employment training into Higher education delivery. The delivery of service with regard to teaching the rhetoric is one of innovations. The faculty needs to instill a deep approach to learning by providing students with varied stimulating learning environments The objective is to evolve an action plan for teaching adults in Higher Education as per their needs and catering to the preference of different types of learners. This paper focuses on measure of person?s intelligence which includes Intelligence quotient, Emotional Intelligence, Creative intelligence and Cybernetic Intelligence. The adults undergo learning through a cycle of four phases: Experimenting, Reflecting, Theorizing and Planning. The phase at which they start their cycle depends on their personal preference or style. A questionnaire has been developed to ascertain the preference style of learning of an individual and thereafter how to cater to the preference of different types of learners. The paper discusses the designing and delivery tools of lectures for students in Higher Education so as to provide credible content, in a logically structured and interesting manner. It discusses the design tools bearing in mind that they have to be treated as adults and not simply as students. A flow chart has been designed indicating the planning process and action plan for the entire program. The constituent elements of excellent teaching contain certain traits required by an innovative faculty: - humility, courage, impartiality, open-mindedness, empathy, enthusiasm, judgment and imagination.Item The Need for an Effective Management Framework for Enhancing the Quality of Higher Education(2010) Weerakoon, Y.M.S.K.This paper shows the need for a management-framework to enhance the employability of Sri Lankan graduates. According to sources including World Bank, graduate-unemployment rate is higher than the national unemployment-rate in Sri Lanka. The graduate-unemployment in certain subject-disciplines is as high as 45.5% due to graduates lacking transferable skill expected by the employer as studies have revealed. To identify why the transferable skills are not being effectively developed in graduates, teaching practices in Sri Lankan higher education (HE) were studied using Biggs?s Constructive Alignment model. Data collected from a sample (n=56) of lecturers from six Sri Lankan universities. The study revealed that though the expectations from the graduates by both employers and the lecturers aligned with that of each other Constructive Alignment is largely being absent in HE. The importance of a management-framework to address graduate-unemployment, and to prevent the occurrence of third university student-led-insurgency, is discussed in the paper.Item THE ROLE OF INTUITION IN DECISION MAKING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON ACADEMIC STAFF IN A MALAYSIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY(2010) Tat, H.H.; Hooi, P.S.; Rasli, A.D.; Chin, T.A.; Yusoff, R.M.Decision making is the process of deciding something important by a group of people or an organization. An empirical study was investigated to analyze intuitive decision making style among academic staffs at five various faculties in one of the public universities in Malaysia. Its objectives are: to identify intuitive decision making style among academic staffs; to identify difference intuitive decision making style based on age, gender, race, working experiences, professional level and field of expert; and lastly, to identify relationship between intuitive decision making style and situational factors. 94 academic staffs of five various faculties were involved in this study. Data were collected using questionnaire and SPSS was used for data analysis. The findings show that out of four situational factors, two of them, i.e. information and risk factors were found to have significant relationship with intuitive decision making style. Recommendations of the study are highlighted and further research discussions are also suggested.Item THINKING TOWARDS STAKEHOLDER SATISFACTION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: AN APPLICATION OF PERFORMANCE PRISM(2010) Singh, K.; Weligamage, S.Quality of service and customer satisfaction is key concerned area in the today?s business. When considering education, quality of educational service and stakeholder satisfaction can be taken as more important. Most of the performance management systems are fails to address and consider the entire stakeholder needs after considering the importance and contributions of all stakeholders to the organization. The Performance Prism Model can be used as one of performance management and measurement tool which is closely looking at measurement from a stakeholder perspective. Performance prism model is taking consideration of two ways process as first identify the what are the want and needs of stakeholders and second to identify what are the organizations wants and need from its stakeholders. The purpose of the study is to review the performance prism model and to identify the possibility of application of this model into higher educational institutions. Finally presents the interrelation between stakeholder need, organizational capabilities, existing process, strategies and stakeholders? role. The study concluded that use of performance prism model can be highly benefited in an academic institution and the process should start from identifying stakeholder needs, and then formulate strategies using existing capabilities and process and finally deliver better value with the support of all stakeholders in the system.Item A CASE OF AN ACCOUNTANCY STUDY PROGRAMME IN SRI LANKA TO IMPROVE RELEVANCE AND QUALITY OF UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION: A NEW DIMENSION ON INSTITUTIONAL VIEW(2010) Senaratne, S.; Gunarathne, A.D.N.The quality enhancement of undergraduate education is presently, a much discussed area in Sri Lanka, with the implementation of the World Bank funded Improving the Relevance and Quality of Undergraduate Education (IRQUE) Project. In this context, this study explores the case of IRQUE Project of Department of Accounting (DA), University of Sri Jayewardenepura (USJ) in relation to the institutionalization of good practices resulted through its interventions. The study examines the institutionalization of these practices in DA by drawing inferences from New Institutional Sociology (NIS) (Scapens,2006) with specific reference to the works of DiMaggio and Powell in relation to institutional isomorphism. The study finds that DA has developed and adopted many good practices through the interventions made through the IRQUE Project to improve the quality and relevance of B.Sc. Accounting (Special) Degree Programme. Further, the study suggests that institutionalization of these good practices in DA, reflects all three forms of isomorphism viz. coercive, mimetic and normative as proposed by DiMaggio and Powell (1983).
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