Centre for Heritage Studies University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka

Permanent URI for this communityhttp://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/18943

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 104

Oil India Limited: Discovery to incumbent
(International Seminar on Assamese Culture & Heritage, 2018) Das, A.
Petroleum industry in Assam is helping folk to maintain their heritage and helping people to connect with modern era. Oil is one of the most important minerals that the world needs today for industrial progress. Assam is the first state in India where oil was discovered in its dense jungles and had set up the first oil refinery in Asia. Assam contributes largely to the economic development of the country. In 1866, Oil Seepage was observed in Digboi during the construction of Dibrugarh-Ledo Railway Line. This discovery came on the heels of industrial development. The first well was completed in 1890 and in 1893 the first refinery started at Margharita, Assam. The Assam Oil Company was established in 1899 to oversee production. In 1901, Digboi Refinery was commissioned supplanting the earlier refinery at Margharita. At its peak during the Second World War the Digboi oil fields were producing 7,000 barrels per day. At the turn of the century, however as the best and most profitable uses for oil issues were being debated, India was seen not as a producer but as a market, most notably fuel oil for cooking. As the potential applications for oil shifted from domestic to industrial and military usage, this was no longer the case and apart from its small domestic production, India was largely ignored in terms of oil diplomacy and even written off by some as hydrocarbon barren. However, British colonial rule laid down much of the country’s infrastructure, most notably the railways. In 1909, IBP was incorporated as the Indo-Burma Petroleum Company Limited in Rangoon and in 1942, the corporate office of the petrochemical company was shifted to Calcutta, India. In 1928, Asiatic Petroleum Company (India) started cooperation with Burmah Oil Company. This alliance led to the formation of Burmah-Shell Oil Storage and Distributing Company of India Limited. Burmah-Shell began its operations with import and marketing of kerosene. On 24th January, 1976, the Burmah Shell was taken over by the Government of India to form Bharat Refineries Limited. On 1st August, 1977, it was renamed as Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited. At present, two large industries Oil India Ltd and ONGC are playing a crucial role in the production of Oil and Natural Gas.
Early history of tea plantation in Assam and Sri Lanka: An antiquarian approach
(International Seminar on Assamese Culture & Heritage, 2018) Manatunga, A.
Tea is the most prolific item of the shared heritage of Assam and Sri Lanka. The tea plant is indigenous to Assam where it grows in wild and is used as a drink by locals from time immemorial. However, the cultivation of tea in Assam as a Cash Crop was initiated by the British in 1830’s with the help of Chinese expertise. They formed the Assam Tea Company in 1839 which is the first Indian company that dealt with tea manufacturing and exportation. Tea seeds were introduced to Sri Lanka, then Ceylon from Assam in 1839 and planted in Peradeniya Botanical Gardens as an experiment along with some plants from Botanical Gardens of Calcutta. The first tea estate in Sri Lanka was initiated in 1867 at Loolecondera near Kandy. During the next few decades, tea cultivation developed as the main export item of Sri Lanka replacing coffee which died due to a leaf disease. In 1900, there was approximately 380,000 acres of land under tea plantation in Sri Lanka mainly in the Central Highlands of the Island. The present research is an antiquarian approach into the early history of tea plantation in Assam and Sri Lanka in a comparative perspective. Deforestation of virgin tropical forests, recruitment of labour force, techniques of plantation, early machinery and factories, transportation, export and several other aspects of tea plantation in Assam and Sri Lanka will be surveyed in this research.
The Alluring and Immemorial Practice of the Art of Khol in Barpeta Satra
(International Seminar on Assamese Culture & Heritage, 2018) Das, M.K.
BarpetaSatra, established in 1583 AD by MahapurushMadhav Dev, is a prominent place of worship for the Vaiashnavites of Assam. A vast auditorium Rangiyal Griha was also built in the vicinity of the Satra at the time of its inception. In this Rangiyal Griha religious and mythological dramas, devotional songs and related musical instruments have been rehearsed and performed relentlessly for the last 434 years. In the later periods, some portions of these art forms were made part of the daily prayers. To ensure continuity as well as regularity and standard, certain clans residing in places adjacent to the Satra were entrusted with the responsibility of carrying out the task of exercising and preservation of original forms. These clans are still bearing the said responsibilities. Out of the above mentioned art forms, Khol is a Satriya percussion leather instrument and it plays an essential role in the whole business, as, it is indispensable in Borgeet (devotional song), Satriya Classical dance, and Bhaona (Satriya drama). As the knowledge and instructions of playing on Khol is being handed over orally, from generation to generation, there is very little written information and scholarly exploration. Modern documentation has also not been done in this regard. In the recent years, the present researcher has made extensive attempts to describe and record the notations of this performing art, so as to establish its heritage, riches, uniqueness and also to help preserve it for future learners who need to have the proper guidance about the pure form. In this present paper, attempts will be made to present before you a brief description of the performance of this instrument, though similar to some other Indian percussion instruments, can claim its uniqueness.
The legacy of Assam. International Seminar on Assamese Culture & Heritage
(International Seminar on Assamese Culture & Heritage, 2018) Widyarathne, S.
Northeastern India is one of the most ethnically diverse regions of the world. The region shares its border with Bhutan, China, Myanmar and Bangladesh. Assam is one of the eight states in the Northeast Region of India and serves as the gateway to the rest of the seven sister and one brother states (Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram and Sikkim). Assam comprises three main geographical areas: The Brahmaputra Valley, the Barak and the Karbi Plateau. The historical account of Assam begins with the establishment of Pushyavarman's Varman dynasty in the 4th century in the Kamarupa Kingdom which marks the beginning of Ancient Assam. The Kingdom reached its traditional extent from the Karatoya in the west to Sadiya in the east. This and the two succeeding dynasties drew their lineage from the mythical Narakasura. The Kingdom reached its zenith under Bhaskara Varman in the 7th century. Bhaskaravarman died without leaving behind an issue and the control of the country. The fall of the kingdoms and rise of individual kingdoms in the 12th century marked the end of the Kamarupa Kingdom and the period of Ancient Assam. In the middle of the 13th century, Sandhya, a king of Kamarupa moved his capital to Kamatapur. The last of the Kamata kings, the Khens, were removed by Alauddin Hussain Shah in 1498. But Hussein Shah and subsequent rulers could not consolidate their rule in the Kamata Kingdom, mainly due to the revolt by the Bhuyan chieftains, a relic of the Kamarupa administration and other local groups. Soon after, in the beginning of the 16th century Vishwa Singha of the Koch tribe established the Koch Dynasty in the Kamata Kingdom. In the eastern part of the erstwhile Kamarupa Kingdom, the Kachari and the Chutiya Kingdoms arose, with some Bhuyan chiefs controlling the region just west of the Chutiya Kingdom. The founder of the Chutiya Kingdom Birpal formed his first capital in Swarnagiri in 1187. In the tract between the Kachari and the Chutiya Kingdoms, a Shan group led by Sukaphaa, established the Ahom Kingdom. As such, 16th century is crucial in the history of the medieval period because of the consolidation of the Ahoms in the east, the Koch in the west and the growth of Ekasarana Dharma of Srimanta Shankardev. The rivalry between the two kingdoms resulted in the former allying with the Mughals and the latter with the Ahoms. Most of the 17th century saw the Ahom-Mughal conflicts in which the Ahoms held the powerful Mughals at bay and epitomized in the Battle of Saraighat of 1671. After many ups and downs, it led to the downfall of Kamrup. In 1824, the First Anglo-Burmese War broke out. The British attacked the Burmese garrison in Assam and by 1825 the Burmese were expelled from Assam. Thereby, the British were able to conquest and consolidate their rule in Assam. After the British took control of the region, the name Assam was extended to the province that was then much larger than the Ahom Kingdom, though unclear of the origin of the name Assam among the competing theorists. Symbolism is an important part of Assamese Culture. Various elements are being used to represent beliefs, feelings, pride, identity etc. Tamul Pan, Xorai and Gamosa are the best symbolic elements in Assamese Culture. The jaapi is a traditional conical hat from Assam.It is worn as a status symbol by Assamese royalty and nobility. There are several important indigenous traditional festivals in Assam. Bihu is the chief indigenous festival and the most celebrated festival among all. Assam is synonymous with legacy of historical ruins, natural beauty, teeming wildlife, immaculate tea gardens and warmth which makes it the gateway to the northeastern states.
Use of Neural Networks in archaeology: preservation of Assamese manuscripts
(International Seminar on Assamese Culture & Heritage, 2018) Abeysinghe, A.; Abeysinghe, Aditya
Historical documents are engraved as manuscripts ranging from palm leaf manuscripts, metal carvings to paper manuscripts. These manuscripts reveal significant information about yesteryear. Although, there are thousands of such manuscripts, the majority of them are not in good condition. Assam has one of the most ancient and largest collections of manuscripts. Assamese 'manuscripts are bound up with Srimanta Sankardeva (15th–16th century Assamese polymath) as well as his Neo Vaisnavite Movement as the manuscripts were the medium of transmission of the ideals of this religio-cultural movement. At the same time, Assamese are grateful to Sankaradeva and his successors for manuscripts which displayed Assamese culture. This saint-scholar, poet and playwright wrote his compositions on these manuscripts. Assamese consider these manuscripts as objects of veneration. Over the years, manuscripts, especially those in print are prone to decay due to various reasons such as climate (light, heat, dust and humidity), pest attacks and theft. At present, Information Technology (IT) is used for preservation of cultural heritage including preservation of manuscripts, the primary source of historical information. Current methods include use of hyperspectral imaging and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to preserve and scan images to digital format. However, current technologies lack the capability to convert a manuscript to a digital artifact due to improper character identification methodology. As such, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) can be used for classification as well as pattern recognition functions. Therefore, this research paper introduces use of an ANN to identify sections of manuscripts obtained from the Assam region.
Golden Thread Glorifying Assam
(International Seminar on Assamese Culture & Heritage, 2018) Goswami, G.
The silk industry in India is quite famous from time immemorial with respect to analyzing the human culture, civilization, customs and traditions. Among all the different types of silk, the natural golden colour silk known as “Muga” is one of the most recognized and beautiful which Assam has been traditionally producing from ancient times. There are references of Assam silk in the records written by Hiuen Tsang, where he has written about the use and trade of Silk, in Kamrupa during the rule of King Bhaskar Varman. Production of golden Muga silk is unique and at present 20,000 hectares of land is used for it. Muga production received great importance from the Ahom Dynasty under whose reign Muga culture became popular and also an integral part of the socio-economic life of Assamese people. Royal and senior class people were able to afford and wore clothing made of that silk. Muga was a royal statement back then and was kept to show off the status of the family or person who owned them. Queens personally were involved in training people to weave silks including Muga. One of the main materials to be exported during Ahom Dynasty rule was Muga silk. The objective of this study is to show that Muga is one of the best known silks in the world in terms of durability and beauty and how it holds a very important place in the hearts of Assamese folk. It is the pride of the Indian State of Assam.
The enthralling musical heritage of Assam (From pre-historic to contemporary period)
(International Seminar on Assamese Culture & Heritage, Centre for Heritage Studies, 2018) Gogoi, H.D.
Music is the language that breaks all barriers and divisions of a human society. Assamese music is as old as the epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Since then. Assamese music has come a long way, the present form of music of this state can be said to have acquired as a result of a historical development. Along its journey through the sands of time, music of Assam has adopted and assimilated the cultural sentiments and aspirations of different ethnic groups that has migrated and inhabited Assam from time to time. The vibrant festivals of the state are the prime occasions of singing these songs. Some of the varieties are verbal and passed down from mouth to mouth by common people which render day to day life chores. This is a form of folk culture, though few of the practices are slowly dying and disappearing due to modern lifestyles. On the other hand, some varieties are preserved in manuscripts and some of them have classic characteristics. The domain of Assamese music is as vast and deep as an ocean. This study delves only an inch of it and has presented just a few elements of it. Assamese songs can be divided into three categories: folk, classical and modern. All domains are not equally flourished now due to the popularity of Western and Bollywood music. It brings threat to folk and classical forms of music. This study will help in linking the elements of music from prehistoric times to the contemporary period and bring in the attention of the people towards it.
Deodhani; A greatest ritual of kamakhya
(International Seminar on Assamese Culture & Heritage, 2018) Mishram, A.
Greatest festival in Assam of kamakhya, named as deodhani. Three days deodhani festival dedicated to the goddess kamakhya. Goddess kamakhya is famous for supernatural powers. It is a unique way of worship of serpent goddess kamakhya. Deodhani dancer's festive attire is like their respective deities. It believes who is take part of this festival, they get super natural powers. In this modern and full of technology basis world, people believes about rituals and they are connecting them to scientific reasons and sprituality.
Dambadeni Katikāvata communicates contemporary, ecclesiastical posts and education background
(Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2019) Lakmali, K. V.; Deepananda, Rev. Morawaka
Dambadeni Katikāvata was adopted even before the lapse of one and half centuries after the adoption of Polonnaru Katikāvata and the subsequent reforms of the community of Sangha. This was adopted by the consensus of the Vanavasi Mahasangha headed by the patron of the Dispensation Sri Sangharakshita Mahathera and Dimbulagala Medhankara Thera who assembled at Vijayasundararamaya of Dambadeniya. The Katikavata was adopted with the patronage of king Vijayabāhu III. The reason for the adoption of the Katikāvata is revealed by the sentence٫ “Having come to know of the various acts of indiscipline on the part of many who have entered the community of Sangha.” The rule in this Katikāvata effected the Pirivenas and Mūlāyatanas of the time. Particularly Bhikkhus brought about a more systematical and methodical administration in the institution. Under the new rule of Katikāvata Mahimi, Mahathera, Mulayatanadhipati his deputy and Parivenadhipati were appointed by the king with the consensus of Mahasañgha. When we consider the main objects of the Dambadeni Katikāvata, it mainly focusses on setting up a proper education system. The objects such as laying down qualifications for appointment of the head of Pirivenas and Mulayatanayas and conferment of such offices with the concurrence of the king, to make the education of Bhikkhus more religious and Pirivena curriculum without allowing them to take secular bias, teaching the laity without any profit motive. Through this, Dambadeni Katikāvata reveals that a well- organized education system and various positions existed in that period.
The role of brand elements in destination branding by using heritage (A critical study on Sri Lankan tourism taglines and logos)
(Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2019) Yohani, A.K. D. T.
This research study evaluates the contribution of commonly used symbolic brand elements namely destination name, logo and tagline in organized tourism industry in Sri Lanka by using heritage as soft power to the establishment of the destination brand. The name and the taglines are directed to travelers during peak seasons to take a vacation and get away to some of top tourist spots around the world that covers research field. The conceptual framework is developed combining suggestions on the role and significance of symbolic brand elements for commercial brands with the literature on destination and place branding, drawing particularly on the recent identity-based approach to place brands. The history of last 52 years of organized tourism in Sri Lanka is used as primary sources of this research. By using secondary sources, the research paper reports on field research that operationalized the theoretical framework to examine the perceptions of visitors to Sri Lanka. Although the name and the tagline are more influential, the overall contribution of the symbolic elements to the brand is proven to be limited and specially heritage. This implies that the destinations need to prioritize taglines of the branding effort.
Impacts of cultural heritage tourism at UNESCO world heritage sites in Sri Lanka
(Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2019) Wickramaratne, K.A. D. I.; Shalinika, I.S.
Cultural tourism is the sub category of tourism that is concerned with the traveler's engagement with a country or region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those people, their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements that help to shape their way of life. Cultural heritage is one of the most extensive tourism resources in the world. Most journeys which make away from home involve some element of culture. Although heritage sites are protected because of their cultural or historical values, they also have a dynamic value, as they actively contribute to the local and national economy, mainly through tourism. As a tourist destination Sri Lanka can compete successfully with other destinations partly because of its unique cultural resources. Therefore, to grow the tourism industry and make a significant contribution to the national economy, Sri Lanka has to focus on promoting new and effective tourism sub matters. A fresh approach is to promote the cultural heritage tourism which highly concern about the wellbeing of the host communities and culture. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to investigate cultural heritage tourism and how it affects the entire community positively or negatively. The survey was conducted as an exploratory study highlighting. The study was based on both primary and secondary data including observations, questionnaires, books, magazines etc. The practice of cultural heritage tourism is one of the main segments of the tourism industry which enhances the cultural heritage tourism at the UNESCO world heritage sites in Sri Lanka. To achieve this motive, the researchers explored a sample of 05 foreign tourists and 05 domestic tourists at the UNESCO world heritage sites in Sri Lanka. The results of the study revealed that because of cultural heritage tourism we can see the cultural preservation and building infrastructure helps build social capital, promotes preservation of local traditions, customs and culture. UNESCO now recognizes intangible cultural heritage as important as buildings. A market for experiences and traditional projects provide the economic support for keeping these skills and traditions alive, promote positive behavior, and help to improve the community’s image and pride. Tourism industry is keen to create an informal market. Due to the tourism industry, issues like drug trafficking, robberies, prostitution, child labor are growing rapidly. In particular, many cultural problems have occurred as a result of the lack of the relationship between tourists and hosts. There are cultural differences between tourists and residents such as; religious beliefs, traditions, customs, costumes and fashion. The issues related to them are getting worse. On the other hand, generation values, local cultures have been commercialized because of the tourism industry. Likewise, local handicraft products are in deteriorating quality due to the large scale International Conference on Heritage as Soft Power productions in centered to tourism market. Culturally important resources like flora and fauna are being destroyed from the selling of some plants and animal parts to tourists. With the lack of understanding of foreign culture, local community and youth groups try to follow lifestyle and behavior of tourists. It has created various problems and also conflicts have occurred. It implicates that the development of tourism has caused adverse effects in various countries around the world. Cultural heritage tourism will be enhanced more by the identification of its potentials for the future tourism industry in Sri Lanka.
Soft power of Western Sabaragamuwa region
(Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2019) Dissanayaka, Ganga Rajinee
The Sabaragamuwa Region has not been identified as having a unique cultural heritage at par with the Upcountry Kandyan Region and the Southern and Western Maritime Region. The Western part of the modern province includes the ancient Pahala Bulathgama, Hatarakorale, and Satkorale served at the buffer region to the Upcountry. The core area is also called “Deyyane Rata” (Country of the Gods), with its seats of ecclesial power in Pelmadulla, Kiriella and at Srī Pāda. The jungle tracks that connected the Mahavāsala in Kandy to the seats of maritime power of the Dutch VOC in the South, were linked by networks of Pirivenas (seats of leaning) and Devales (seats of divine power): They have been traced from our library research and field trips. These mapping exercises are the base of the ongoing research. The soft power of the Cave Image Houses of this region will be highlighted in this presentation. According to the palm leave manuscripts, Cave Image Houses were rare in the vicinity of royal city but common in the periphery of the kingdom, jungles and boundaries where political power contested such as caves where monks lived in meditative seclusion. As our current research shows, they were also centers of resistance against the Dutch and later British which is a less discussed area. The Master-Pupil Traditions established by Ven. Velivita Saranamkara in mid 18th century show later continuations in two main traditions in the south: The ‘Vehalla Tradition’ and ‘Mulkiriga Tradition’. The final outcome of the current research that will be showcased at the conference is how the master-pupil-traditions which connected Cave Image Houses on the jungle tracks of Sabaragamuwa created a protective soft power of the region. The ongoing research funded by the AHEAD Project for the Faculty of Humanities has brought light to many unknown geo-political aspects of this region.
Chess and other board games as South Asian soft power: A 4000-year old tradition
(Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2019) Raghavan, Raamesh Gowri; Kamath, Dnyaneshwari; Dalal, Kurush F.
“It may or may not be true what they say about the devil having all the best tunes, but there can be no doubt that the people of Asia have all the best games. What's more, they seem to have had them longer than anyone else, and undoubtedly invented a great many of them.” – this statement by David Parlett captures in its elegance the soft power that games have held over civilizations since antiquity. Games are among the most powerful memes ever – they cross barriers of class and caste, geography and history, language and religion without friction. In this paper, we look at games and the narratives built around them as instruments of both ‘bridging’ and ‘bonding’. As has been shown amply by sports such as cricket, games serve as bonds uniting a nation or culture, overcoming differences. They also serve as bridges between cultures, as international tournaments have illustrated. We will use the example of chess to illustrate the projection of soft power, intentional or otherwise. The earliest incident of diplomacy-by-chess by illustrated in the 6th c. Persian manuscript Wizarisn-i-Chatrang. It narrates, with some demonstrable historicity, of a chess game gifted to the Sassanian ruler Khusrau I by the Maukhari ruler Devasharvavarman (Dewisarm), the accompanying challenge, and the final counter-challenge, in which an improvised game of Backgammon was sent back. Chess has since been a byword for diplomatic maneuvers ever since, with words like 'checkmate’, ‘stalemate’ and more entering the public lexicon. The game’s addictive power is also reflected in the number of religious prohibitions against it. But the soft power of games has also been expressed through trade networks, travelling with merchants overseas and deserts. In this paper we will trace a few geographical networks. We will conclude with an example of a South Asian game becoming the lightning rod of the Cold War – the (in)famous chess match between Bobby Fischer (USA) and Boris Spassky (USSR) in 1972 which would come to be described as the Match of the Century, played in Reykjavik, as far removed from its homeland Kannauj, as could be possible.
The discovery of ancient sites at Kathua & Samba districts in Jammu and Kashmir: A preliminary study
(Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2019) Sharma, Rajesh
The present research paper draws attention towards the recently discovered ancient and archaeological sites in Samba, a district in the strife torn Indian state of jammu and Kashmir. This aim of this study is to show how proper showcasing of native heritage with all its cultural attractions can inculcate a renewed sense of pride among the local community members and also how it helps to relate to the national consciousness. The ancient sites in focus are at village Rehi in sub-division Ghagwal, district Samba. Ghagwal town which is also known as “Narsingh Dham” is situated in the Jammu-Delhi national highway (NHW1A) at a distance of 52 km east of Jammu. There is also a small river called Beh, just 3 km east of Ghagwal. Rehi village is situated on a small hill in the north of national highway 2 km from the Behi river bridge. A beautiful temple of Sajyoti Mata Vaishno Devi in Rehi village is quite visible from the road. Other ancient sites are situated at Bhaiya and Krishanpur villages of Kathua district of Jammu region. The study has great importance in the light of the ongoing scholarly discussions among historians and archaeologists in the subject of chronology of Hinduism and Buddhism in these districts of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. A number of field trips to these sites have not only revealed a great wealth of local art, architecture, including iconographic styles but also the craftsmanship of local artisans. A number of figures are also carved in stone blocks which belong to Hindu period and a bronze statue of Crown Buddha is also found at one of the sites. A natural spring (Gagan) is also found in Rehi village. This paper outlines the different periods from Stone tools and the possible course of the development of Buddhism, Shaivisim and Shaktism in the area. With the note that along with the much needed research works for the comprehensive academic exposition of the said sites, a program is also required to showcase the soft power of the native heritage for the locals as well as outsiders.
Special characteristics of image houses in temple architecture of British period Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka
(Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2019) Gunarathna, Navoda Udari
In 1796, when British commenced their rule in the coastal region of Sri Lanka, the ecclesiastical status of the colony was uncertain. The people of the littoral region of Sri Lanka started facing a huge suppression regarding the religion, when the Portuguese assumed rule in the 16th Century, which was followed by Dutch in the 17th century. The Colonialists’ belief that the Christianity is the one and only true religion in the world and the rest of the religions pagan and false, made practising a religion of their choice freely and unhindered, impossible for Buddhists as well as Hindus in the Coastal region of Sri Lanka. However, when British started their rule in the late 18th century, the Governor was instructed to give freedom of practising a religion of their choice to the natives. Yet with educational reforms carried out by the British, Buddhism began to experience another wave of indirect conversion, to which the revivalists of Buddhism began attacking by rebuilding disused temples and establishing a school system for Sinhala Buddhists. Hence throughout the 19th Century a clear rejuvenation can be seen in the Buddhist Temple Architecture of Sri Lanka. Buildings for various purposes were built at temples, of them, Image House was a prominent monument constructed by devotees. These Image houses may look so different to a visitor, with their clear influence of European architecture which made these image houses more close to resemblance of Christian Churches. But in essence these Image houses were not so diverted from their medieval Kandyan counterparts or their predecessors. Hence the aim of this research is to identify the reasons that made devoted Buddhists of this period to adapt and incorporate such Colonial features into Buddhist Temple architecture and the ultimate motive behind that adaptation. Also through this research, an attempt is taken to review and deconstruct the popular belief that Buddhism suffered severely during the British rule in Sri Lanka.
A Study of Buddhist meditation practices as soft power to improve spiritual tourism in Sri Lanka
(Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2019) Dhammasara, Rev. T. Thero; Panampitiya, W. M. G. N.
Soft power explains how modern states can use cultural heritage for positive attraction and persuasion to achieve global influence. Buddhism includes a unique analysis of human psychology and adaptation practices which help to the relief of some psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, stress and aggression. Buddhist meditation is a great method to release stress and acquire a peaceful mind in particularly tranquillity (Samatha) and Insight (Vipassana) meditation. Spiritual tourism is an important component in the tourism industry in any country. Thus, the main objective of this study was to identify methods of using Buddhist meditation practices to increase the attraction of foreigners into Sri Lanka. The functional method was used in this study and primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews including 8 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Tripitaka. Secondary data was collected from relevant journal articles, research reports, textbooks and other academic works. The data was analyzed based on the descriptive method. Sri Lanka is a land of spiritually endowed with many places of worship, pilgrim centers and Buddhist monuments. Although, Pilgrimage Buddhist tourism is very famous all over Sri Lanka, there are very limited places related to spiritual tourism in Sri Lanka. Buddhist meditation system and techniques are more vital parts of the spiritual tourism with the help of well-skilled and knowledge of Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka. This study has an empathized importance of using Buddhist meditation practices not only for realizing the reality of life or to attain the supreme state of Nirvana for psychotherapy to get rid of psychological issues such as stress and depression. Promoting these psychotherapy values of meditation practices directly affect the improvement of foreign tourist attraction. Therefore, it is important to increase the quality of presence of international meditation centers and to enhance government and non-governmental financial provisions to spread the number of international meditation centres further to promote spiritual tourism in Sri Lanka. As well as it is significant to having formal monitoring mechanisms regarding those institutions to increase the quality of services and to establish the landmark of spiritual tourism in Sri Lanka.
Manuscript tradition of Assam
(Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2019) Bora, Mridu Moucham
Assam, a north-eastern state of India has a rich history of its tradition, art and culture. The Major part of Assamese traditional painting is covered by the manuscript paintings. The Bhakti movement launched by Saint Sankaradeva (1449-1568 A.D.) gave a definite shape to Assam School of Painting, more particularly the Sattra School of Painting. The rich tradition had a set back with the British rule in the 19th century. So far, one hundred and fifty illustrated manuscripts have been discovered in Assam. Some of these illustrated manuscripts have able to draw the attention of scholars of India and outside because of some inherent peculiarity and distinctiveness of painting. The craftsmen responsible for the creation of paintings and penmanship were known as khanikars. Their devotion to the movement guided them to render many numbers of paintings in a single manuscript. Assamese illustrated manuscript were generally drawn on Sanchipat, the bark of Agar (Scientific name - aquaria agallocha ) tree, Tulapat (hand made paper pulp), wooden plate and to a lesser extent in Muga clothes. Sanchipat is the unique writing material of Assam and can’t find in other parts of India. Manuscript paintings of Assam were a vibrant form of art since 16th century onwards. Very few artists of sattras kept the flame burning till the early 20th century in spite of many hurdles that came their way. However, at the same time, there was increased interest among academics about the preservation and study of these manuscripts. At present, there are only a handful of artists who are practicing manuscript painting and writing in Assam. These few artists are hopeful that the involvement of a large number of dedicated artists may help in the promotion of manuscript paintings in Assam in the near future.
Cultural heritage tourism:A tool for developing Burhanpur (India) as a tourist place
(Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2019) Premsagar, Pankajkumar Shankar
In the world map, Burhanpur is located in India in the state of Madhya Pradesh; situated on the banks of River Tapi, connected with Mumbai-Delhi Railway line (594 KM away from Mumbai), 200-10’ North Longitude and 760-14’ Latitude on East. The city has economically, culturally and historically rich heritage. In the ancient and middle age, Burhanpur was the Entrance Gate for the northern people travelling from South and vice-versa. As a result, Burhanpur has become a permanently important political center. From the medieval European travelogues, it is evident that this politically and militarily significant city was called as ‘the key to the Deccan’, and along with that, Burhanpur has become as religious center for Hindu, Muslim, Christian as well as Sikhs also. The main attractions for the tourists are the following historically important places- 1) Fort Ashir 2) Burhanpur Fort 3) Foruqees Tomb 4) Aau Khana 5) Khuni Bhandara 6) Shahi Jama Masjid 7) Kali (Black) Masjid 8) Dargah-A-Hakimi 9) Rao Ratan Palace 10) The Tomb of Raja Jaysing 11) Shiv Temple (Fort Ashir) 12) Temple of Ashwathama (Fort Ashir) 13) Swami Narayan Temple 14) Kabirpanthi Nirnaya Temple 15) Swetambar Jain Temple 16) Methodist Church and 17) Roman Catholic Church. All these historical features still show signs of prosperous history of Burhanpur. Hence, it is quite famous as a tourist centre. However, unfortunately, the Government of India and Government of Madhya Pradesh State have not taken useful measures to preserve these cultural heritage sites in Burhanpur. No mechanism has been adopted to promote and develop facilities to attract tourists to these sites. Tourists are unknown about these treasures of this cultural center. In today’s digital era, very few information is available on web regarding the history and mythology of the Burhanpur region. Hence, this paper throws a light on the historical, cultural importance of Burhanpur, and limitations and ways to eradicate the limitations to develop Burhanpur as a Tourist Centre.
Buddhist heritage diplomacy and India’s soft power strategy
(Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2019) Chauhan, Rakhee
This paper explores the teachings of Buddhism as heritage diplomacy in the context of India. Soft power and culture have become important tools of diplomacy for States as hard power. From the time of Jawaharlal Nehru’s Panchsheel principles, India has been guided by the ideals of peaceful co-existence. Thus, Buddhism has long been a natural component of India’s soft power. India’s ancient links with Buddhism, its ancient philosophical and religious tradition in the form of Yoga, its popular culture etc can be vigorously used as a part of heritage diplomacy programme to gain acceptability in the international arena. This present study intends to discuss one particular aspect of Indian soft power prognosis: the leveraging of India’s historical associations with the Buddhist faith in diplomacy. Indian Prime Minister Modi has made it a point to make Buddhism a regular feature of his diplomatic visits. In speeches made on official international platforms such as to ASEAN or UN or platforms in any other country, PM Modi has made a conscious effort to emphasise and share Buddhist heritage. The Pan-Asian presence of the religion and an image of a most peaceful religion makes it ideal for soft power diplomacy. India’s soft power, as spread through its comprehensive cultural and civilization heritage, validates the values of secularism, tolerance and inclusiveness. Thus, it is more important than ever before in today’s troubled world.
Flags and banners in Sri Lanka:A study on symbolizing the power and identity of individuals and communities
(Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2019) Embuldeniya, Piyumi
In Sri Lanka, from ancient times to date, flags and banners are used for various reasons. There are many flags and banners used in Sri Lankan history from ancient time to the present by kings, queens, ministers, presidents, and various communities. In addition, in order to represent different kingdoms, various flags were used from the ancient period to the colonial period. In the post-colonial Sri Lanka, each and every elected president had also designed their own flag to represent themselves and their attitudes. Moreover, to the province, chieftain or the group, various symbols had been there in these flags and banners which represented traditional motifs. Most of these flags were creative and they showcased the talent of the designers. Thus, the main objective of this research paper is to explicate how heritage is being used as a soft power for flags and banners in ancient Sri Lanka to present. The research is conducted by analyzing the collected data from literature survey and field research method. From the analyzing, it was evident that in these flags, cultural and natural heritage is emphasized along with the power of political, economic, and social stability of whom the flag belonged.