Social Sciences
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Item Market Landscape of Bio Fertilizer: Opportunities and Challenges(Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Kularathne, M.G.; de Silva, D.A.M.; Hettiarachchi, I.C.Solid waste management strategies of the developed nations created economic, social and environmental benefits which Sri Lanka is far behind to reach. Our approach was to recognize the opportunities of municipal solid waste and investigate the market landscape. Further, domestic market place showing positive demand on organic fertilizers due to the favorable policy and ideological changes and global price hikes of inorganic fertilizer. First, several user groups and producers of compost and other forms of organic fertilizers were identified. Composed producers were divided into two main stratums; government owned operations and private operations. Principal sample strategy used was stratified random sampling and respondent selected from each stratum using simple random method. Further, snow ball sampling technique was used to select the respondents from the household stratum due to the lack of proper sampling frame. Study has identified that some of the local government authorities were able to manage the process well with collaboration of their stakeholders while majority experienced the unsuccessful programs. Success stories were necessarily depend on the vision of the top management and the officers who handle the process as well as good inter-organizational relationships while others fail due to particular remuneration issues, poor performance management schemes, financing systems, rigid regulatory system and symmetric information.Item Heritage tourism and sustainability: surveying the Asian scenario(Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Dasture, P.Tourism, has been one of the oldest forms of recreation man has ever known; the desire to explore and the longing to know more, has always led man to known and unknown territories. Today tourism is a full-fledged industry, sites, and areas of various kinds, be it pilgrimage sites, beaches, forests, forts, historical sites and the likes that hold heritage value have always attracted a man. Asia, boosts of some of the most exciting tourist spots; making it second only to Europe as a favourite travel destination. Even ASEAN recognizes it as a priority area for integration. The need of the hour, however, is to identify the role of tourism in promoting socio-cultural advancement, to evaluate sustainability and find out the forms of sustainable development not only in the overall heritage tourist industry but also at the sites itself. Factors that surface as challenges to sustainable heritage tourism development are related to national fiscal policies; governmental norms; the role of UNESCO in managing World Heritage Sites and the response of the host nation; the role of the organizations that work towards the maintenance of the sites; emerging environmental issues; over commercialization of the structures; international, domestic and local tourist flow and other such pointers. This paper intends to look into the above mentioned issues in an attempt to figure out solutions to the challenges faced by the industry, its operators, the policy-makers, the actual implementation and the impact of an operationally sustainable framework, from heritage sites across Asia.Item Globalization and the Developmental Role of a State: The Sri Lankan Experience from its Independence to date(Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Kanchana, D.G.National states have to manage their developmental activities by responding to globalization. Globalization is not a totally new thing which has come far away from the state and its behavior. It is also a result of states’ activities. But, states and their developments have been threatened by the globalization. Actually, globalization opens windows for lifting up the levels of states in a positive way by making opportunities such as technology improvements, collectivism, providing aids, knowledge sharing, etc. It also opens the windows for threats towards states’ development. This study was focuses on this issue and there were two main objectives; firstly; to identify the role which is played by the state of Sri Lanka in managing its development in an increasingly globalized world from its independence in 1948 to date and secondly; to find out the challenges which are being faced by the state in Sri Lanka in managing its development with global impacts. The study is based on qualitative approach and by using the content analysis method; secondary data collected from the sources such as published books, journal articles, websites and government’s reports. One can conclude that the global process is biased towards the developed world whereas developing countries like Sri Lanka faces enormous troubles. The Sri Lanka has taken many steps to develop its capacity as a prerequisite to the development, i.e. enabling an environment for doing businesses (its business density recorded as 0.51 by 2012) and use of e-governance in curbing corruptions. Globalization and its means sometimes lead to internal political struggles since the party politics and their political agendas are shaped by them. Due to the contextual mismatching of the reforms’ initiatives which were introduced by the donors, the country has lost its conventional administrative framework too. Sri Lanka has become a fragile state through the economic liberalization policies―e.g. the country has lost the indigenous strength of the stock market and it cannot bear the sudden market failures which always happen in the international market.Item The Nature, Problems and Challenges of Handicraft Industry in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2005) Masakorala, P.P.There are varies develop met strategies, which have been tested to develop Sri Lanka. But still the country is in the category of poor countries. In the attempt of attaining development there are several problems. Therefore and alternative ways are needed to overcome those problems. One alternative is the development of small -scale industries. In this study the possibility of handicraft industry as a small -scale industry as a solution to the present development problems is the focus. The scope is this study is to identify the problems and challenges of handicraft industry so that it can be integrated into the development process in such a way that it can be a partial solution to the present development problem. In this study five handicraft are selected. Marks making and woodcarving are wood based industries while handloom, lace and batik are textile- based industries of which the nature, problems and the challenges are studied. Under the nature of handicraft industries the raw material and the tools and equipments use, the nature of the labour, how they are finance and marketer, the social economic nature of the craftsmen is studied. Beside the handicraft related institutions and their role are also discussed. Under the problem of these industries the problems of access to raw materials, problems of labour attraction, problems of technology and finance and the marketing problems, the problems of institutions are identified. What craftsmen suggest to overcome those problems? However there are unique problems to each handicraft industry and there are common problems as well. Among the challenges of handicraft industry the scarcity and depletion of natural stocks of raw materials, the timely availability of raw materials and the finance, the discontinuity of craft skills, poor social recognitions of handicraft, poor income, migration to other jobs, reluctance to use new technology, inability to afford to by new technology, competition of imported substitute, high cost of production, the bureaucracy and the lack of extension programs of the institutions and the challenges of middle men are most important. When the current nature and the problems of handicraft industry are concern, in some aspect it can be a solution to the present development problem but not a perfect solution. These industries are less attractive to youth and they are closed to the cities. Therefore handicraft industry may not be a solution for the unemployment in the rural areas. The handicraft industry can be developed if the tourist industry grows. The government intervention is needed to promote the local market for handicraft. There are some potential, which can be utilize to improve handicraft industry.Item Sri Lanka’s National Security Challenges Since Independence and the Response of Its Armed Forces(University of Kelaniya, 2005) Halangode, H.N.If you want peace, then prepare for war (Latin Proverb) The post – Independence regular Armed Forces of Ceylon were raised, initially with the Ceylon Army in 1949, Royal Ceylon Navy in 1950 and the Royal Ceylon Air Force in 1951. However the nation’s politicians focused on national development with little emphasis on military spending for national security. Yet, the internal security threats had to be catered for with the employment of the Armed Forces under Emergency Regulations. The protection contracted by the Anglo- Ceylon Defence Agreement provided an assurance of national security from an external threat. This mindset of the politicians has greatly impacted on the efficiency and effective use of the country’s Armed Forces. We have catered for internal or human security requirements at the expense of National Security which is primarily focused on safeguarding the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. Being a Third World developing country our political and socio- economic conditions have perforce led the Armed Forces to support the country’s internal security needs. There cannot be any development in a country without adequate security but due to the nature of internal security the Armed Forces have been handicapped in performing its duties. This has led to the Armed Forces dealing with violence of its own people using defensive methods throughout its existence. The legal, monetary and infrastructure constraints have forced the Armed Forces to be defensive and reactionary. This has led to a deterioration of law and order, increased violence in the form of terrorism leading to a two decade long insurgency. The post Independence history of Sri Lanka’s Armed Forces does not record a regular and comprehensive review of its security needs and threats and the development of a coherent national security policy, to meet the aspirations of all Sri Lankans. It has led Sri Lanka to its present crisis where the LTTE has manoeuvred itself into a strong position causing the Government of Sri Lanka to negotiate peace on LTTE terms. This has far reaching consequences affecting also the region in particular and the world in general. Arresting this situation requires an immediate, through and proper defence review and a subsequent re-structuring and re-organisation of the Armed Forces to meet the carefully identified present and future security challenges in Sri Lanka.