Social Sciences
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Item Cooperation, Alignment, and Alliance: Defining Security Relationships for the 21st Century Strategic Environment(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Bosack, M.M.A.The Indo-Pacific is destined to be the region of the world with the most great-power competition in the 21st century. States will be seeking to align with others, but conventional models for alliances are outmoded in the context of modern competition. This paper provides a necessary update to core concepts associated with alliances and other security relationships. It examines strategies that underwrite competition and cooperation to provide better understanding of emerging trends in the Indo-Pacific’s security relationships. The nature of conflict and competition has evolved in ways that has made traditional conceptions of alliances obsolete, forcing a necessary reexamination of security relationships in the present era. Although conventional and nuclear conflict are still considerations, the broader application of diplomatic, information, and economic power in interstate competition means that traditional military alliances are ill-suited for the current strategic environment. Instead of focusing simply on the binary “ally” or “non-ally,” this paper clarifies security relationships in the context of modern competition by employing six key indicators: (1) common interests among states; (2) unilateral policies directed at security relationships; (3) routine security engagement; (4) negotiated policies; (5) negotiated instruments; and (6) negotiated alliance treaties. The paper concludes that these indicators serve both as measures for security relationships as well as tools for crafting strategic ends, ways, and means. It then uses examples of relationships in the region, including those among the United States, Japan, Sri Lanka, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, and China to illustrate key points. It isolates a taxonomy of security relationships under cooperation, alignment, and alliances, and suggests that alignments will be the most important in shaping the Indo-Pacific in the 21st century. This research provides key findings for states searching to build strategies for shaping security relationships in an increasingly contested regionItem China’s Foreign Policy toward North Korea: the Nuclear Crisis.(1st International Studies Students’ Research Symposium-2017 (ISSRS 2017) ,Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Subasinghe, M. C.The North Korean nuclear issue has become a threat to the security of both Northeast Asia and even the world at large. As China has been widely perceived as North Korea’s “only ally” and the most economic and trading partner, China has long been expected to play a major role in resolving the North Korean nuclear issue. Despite the friendly relations between the two countries, China has adopted a changing policy towards North Korea in the recent years. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to elaborate on the specific policies adopted by China in the past several years, highlighting the steps taken to slow down the North Korean nuclear proliferation. Meanwhile, it is also expected to unveil the age-old relationship between China and North Korea while identifying Chinese strategic interests in North Korea both today and historically. Moreover, the key factors that will determine China’s future policy towards North Korea are also to be analyzed at the end. Secondary data sources like reports, academic journals, books and newspaper articles had been used to collect data and qualitative data analysis had been used for the purpose of data analysis. China had to make changes in its policy in order to counteract North Korea’s increasing nuclear capabilities. Accordingly, China had supported the framework of the Six-Party Talks, imposed economic sanctions, and also had supported the effort to denuclearize North Korea by adopting several UN resolutions as well. Moreover, China’s foreign policy measures towards North Korea emphasize its own determination to safeguard the national interests of China at a large scale. Because of North Korea’s geostrategic location in Northeast Asia, its geopolitical stability is important to maintain border security of China. Unstable North Korea would challenge China’s dominance in the region. Therefore, China’s strategic interests in North Korea have also mattered in implementing new foreign policy measures towards North Korea. In addition, economic cooperation between China and North Korea, China’s nuclear policy and U.S. pressure on China’s policy have become the key determinants of future North Korea – Chinese relations.Item An Evaluation of India’s Approach towards Northeast India(Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2013) Sampa, KunduIndia‟s Northeastern region (NER) has been a subject of continuous scholarly discussion because of its low level of development despite huge amount of assistance and grants provided by the central government and its various ministries and departments. The problems of Northeast India are complex and inter-related with each other. Therefore, the Government of India and even the civil society seem to be in a dilemma with what needs to be prioritised in dealing with Northeast India. Is it the development of the region that should come first or, is it the security of the nation that should be the primary concern? So far, the government‟s approach has indicated that while it wants Northeast India to be closely connected with neighbours in Southeast Asia, it is also afraid of further infiltration of several cross-border problems and trans-national crime into the region from countries like Myanmar and China. The proposed paper will deal with aspects related to government‟s approach towards Northeast India, especially look East Policy and BIMSTEC that have been visualised to connect India‟s Northeastern region with Southeast Asia. The primary objectives of the paper would be to understand the significance of national security and domestic development in the case of Northeast India and her importance in determining India‟s foreign policy and implications of India‟s Look East Policy and BIMSTEC on Northeast India The proposed paper will be based on consulting available primary and secondary literature and would be analytical in nature. At the end of the paper, we would be able to understand that India‟s NER represents an example where domestic policies and development act as one of the important determinants of national security vis-à-vis foreign policy. Specifically, it would help us to understand India‟s approach towards Northeast India in regard to development and security aspects.