Social Sciences
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Item Neorealism versus two level games theory in explaining Sri Lanka’s foreign policy towards the external compulsions(Reviewing International Encounters 2015, Research Center for Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2015) Gunasena, J.T.S.The enduring debate over the structural and domestic political explanation of international relations has created the motivation for this paper. The main objective of this paper is to provide a theoretical explanation to Sri Lanka‟s foreign policy and the need for such analysis arises from the fact that the existing literature lacks in such theoretical interpretation of Sri Lanka‟s foreign policy. The neorealism and two levels games theory that explain two different approaches to a country‟s external policy making had been tested on the Sri Lankan context through this paper. The literature survey depicts that the previous research on Sri Lanka‟s foreign policy had not attempted to analyze it through the application of theories even though few scholarly efforts have only referred to the two theories in their writings. At the same time the validation of these two theories to find the most appropriate still exists as a research gap in literature. One of the limitations of this paper is it looks at the foreign relations of Sri Lanka based on its ethnic crisis and how it affects the dealings with the outside world. To meet these theoretical requirements in foreign policy literature of Sri Lanka as a small power with special reference to its ethnic crisis, the data triangulation method has been used for the data collection from the secondary sources and the three levels analysis has been used as the main analytical model. The direct qualitative content analysis has been the data analyzing method that has been used in this paper. But the implementation of Indian proposals that came through the form of Indo-Lanka Peace Accord proved to be a failure as a result of domestic constraints that obstructed the smooth relations between India and Sri Lanka. As a result Sri Lanka had to accept the Indian hegemony proving the fact that small state‟s policy making is largely constrained by the external pressures in the international system. But the domestic win-set at the Level II negotiation sabotaged the Indo-Lankan Peace Accord causing a humiliation for India on its failed diplomatic efforts as a mediator and guarantor of preserving peace and security in Sri Lanka. The voluntary and involuntary defection of the Sri Lankan policy makers obstructed the smooth functioning of Indian proposals at home. The public opinion, party politics, and pressure groups of the Sri Lankan polity constrained the implementation of Indian proposals agreed at the Level I negotiation. Those domestic constraints influence the policy makers for involuntary defection. This paper analyzed the systemic pressure and domestic pressures impact on the foreign policy making of a country through the Sri Lankan experience. The security dilemma that prevailed in the system continues to exist even after the Cold War with the rise of non-traditional threats such as terrorism and fundamentalism. All the states strive hard to secure their position in the system to maintain the balance of power and India achieved its goal of securing the regional dominancy. India intervened to the Sri Lankan ethnic issue to ensure its.Item Impact of the US Interventionism in Afghanistan and Syria(2nd International Studies Students’ Research Symposium – 2018, Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Madubashini, W.Interventionism policy can be identified as a strategic foreign policy doctrine. In some cases, it appears as the way of the development process as well as it may appear as the way to interfere in the internal affairs of another state. Commonly it may use economic sanctions, military intrusion and the strategical tools. Hence, it may affect to make a state stable or unstable. In this study it will be examined the impact of the United States interventionism in Afghanistan and Syria, identifying does the United State interventionism always lead the states to the fragility”. To collect data this paper will utilize two methods, secondary data will be collected from journals, periodicals and scholarly articles. This study will use content analysis and qualitative analysis. This research only considers about the US interventionist policy in Afghanistan and Syria. Especially with reference to the fragility of the states. This research concludes that the foreign policy of the United States always does not create instability or fragility of the state. But through the interventionist policy of the United States, Afghanistan and Syria had become the fragile states according to the Fragile States Index 2018Item Global Challenges to Development: An Analysis of the Strategic Interest of the United States in South Asia(Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Madanayake, V.; Wijayabahu, K.This research intends to rethink the United States Defense Strategy towards South Asia after September 2001 terrorist attack to find out whether it was to combat terrorism as stipulated in US Documents or whether it had and continue to have other intentions. It was hypothesized that, the policy of the US was a complex item comprised of diverse objectives and emotions, although the declared policy was the prevention of terrorism. The method of the research was qualitative, multifaceted and ethnographic. In the process, the researcher made an interaction with the interviewees graded into their coverage and such information were juxtaposed against the documentary data available in relevant statistical analysis and literature review. The latter part of this research presents the relevant interventions and defense action that followed. Most international critics are of opinion that, the intervention in Afghanistan was not intended, only for combating terrorism. Rather, it was a strategic operation by the USA to expand their power in South Asia. Although, there were contradictions between preventing terrorist activities and promoting development simultaneously, this activity was in operation until today. Whenever the US felt that their interests were at risk, US policies became more aggressive. The world in the domain of International Relations is growing towards multi-polarity. The US and other super powers are in competition for power in order to preserve their own hegemonies. Applying currently accepted theories did not explain these complex motives. This research has traced the historical path of its implementation and presented the data that substantiate the hypothesis which indicate to the multiple nature of the intervention into South Asia. Some of the intentions do deem long term. In this way, this research has found that extending the political hegemony of continuing Super Power control in South Asia and, the parallel structural adjustment to capitalism as the world’s economic ideology. This research has found that Political Equality, Social Opportunity, Economic Liberty, Acceptance of Human Rights for Self-advancement and Self-actualization were a part of the undeclared ideological change expected by the US in its broader objectives. This rethinking and reinterpretation of the US defense strategy over South Asia is very much relevant to policy makers of Sri Lanka.Item Hegemony of the United States and the Middle East(Department of Economics, University of Kelaniya, 2016) Rathnayake, R.M.S.S.The hegemony of the United States (US) in the international order is a widely accepted truth in today’s world. During the Cold War era, the US predominance was greatly curtailed by the power of the Soviet Union and after the Soviet Union’s disintegration, the US rose to power as the undisputed hegemon in the international order. Through the years that followed, the US has been able to influence internal politics of many states using its preponderant power. The Middle East has been and still continues to be a region of great importance in US foreign policy. Since the British forces withdrew from the Middle East, the US has attempted to ensure its preeminence in this strategically important region. Therefore, the US implements various foreign policy strategies which are aimed at enhancing its influence in the Middle East. The main objective of this study is to analyze the foreign policy strategies that the US implements towards the Middle East and examine whether the US foreign policy strategies towards the Middle East serve in safeguarding its hegemonic position in the world order. This study adopts a qualitative methodology and is mainly based on secondary data. An extensive literature survey was conducted and the information and data collected are analyzed in a theoretical perspective. The Hegemonic Stability Theory, Realism, Offensive Realism and Offense-Defense Theory are the main theories that are incorporated in data analysis. In the analysis, US foreign policy towards Iran, Iraq, Israel-Palestine is given prominence. As per the study, the US foreign policy strategies towards the Middle East serve in safeguarding the US hegemony in the world order. However, the US foreign policy strategies towards the Middle Eastern region have a negative impact on the image of the US as a benevolent hegemon.Item Foreign Policy of the United States and US Rise to Hegemony(Department of Economics, University of Kelaniya, 2016) Rathnayake, R.M.S.S.In today’s competitive international arena, it is widely known that the United States (US) is at the top of the world’s hierarchy of power. The US emerged preeminent from the II World War and ever since, the country is predominant in world’s economic, political, technological and military sectors. Though the Soviet Union posed a substantial threat to the preponderance of the US during the Cold War, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the US rose to power as the undisputed hegemon in the international order. In its relations with other actors in the international system, the US utilizes its foreign policy to achieve its national interests as well as secure its hegemonic ambitions. The objective of the study is to analyze the US foreign policy and identify the causes and circumstances that led to the hegemony of the US. This study is mainly based on secondary data such as books, articles, newspapers, journals and the World Wide Web is also used as an important research tool. The analysis of the data and information collected is done in a theoretical perspective using hegemonic stability theory and cycles of hegemony and war theory. As per the study, the US foreign policy during the II World War, decline of Britain’s power, post-II World War and Cold War policies of the US and the disintegration of the Soviet Union paved the way for US hegemony in the world order.Item Unique Features of Foreign Policy of UNP Regimes (1948 – 1965) and Bandaranaike Regimes (1956 – 1965)(Department of Economics, University of Kelaniya, 2016) Madanayaka, S.A.K.Foreign policy is a key component of a state which represents the nature of its relations with the world. Regime changes in a particular state are always have an impact on the foreign policy and it changes the nature of it. This study has been conducted in order to “identify the common and unique features of the foreign policy of UNP regimes from 1948 -1965 and Bandaranaike regimes from 1956 – 1965.” The methodology that has followed for the study is qualitative in nature while only based on secondary data and used descriptive analysis. The study has been conducted as a comparison as well as contrast of the two regimes in the particular periods in order to find out the features. According to the study, during the period of 1948 to 1965, foreign policy of the most of UNP leaders were similar in nature with the distinctive feature of pro-western policy and anti-communist attitude. UNP regimes did not conduct firm relations with the India during the particular period. Foreign policy of the SLFP regimes was mainly characterized by the “nonalignment policy” which emphasized on equal relations with all the countries. At the same time specially, Mr.Bandaranaike had cordial relations with the communist countries as well as with India which was a great achievement in the foreign policy of Sri Lanka.