Social Sciences
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Item A study on Sri Lankan political and economic changes due to Bilateral relationships between Sri Lanka and China(5th National Conference on Applied Social Statistics (NRCASS) - 2019, Department of Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Abeyrathne, R. M. D. H.Open economic reforms implemented after 1977 marks the first remarkable liberalisation effort in Sri Lanka. Consequently, Sri Lanka has signed bilateral agreements with 22 countries including China. However, a formal relationship between People’s Republic of China and Sri Lanka started only after the rice- rubber pact in 1952. Diplomatic relationship between two countries started in 1957 and the first agreement was on Economic and Technical Cooperation signed in 1962 The major Chinese economic assistance was offered during the time period spanning from 2005 to 2015 under the United People’s Freedom Alliance regime. At present, Hambantota port, Colombo Financial City project and infrastructure development projects covering the entire country are being constructed and maintained by Chinese financial aids and loans. However, this particular diplomatic relationship is doubted and criticised by many individuals in fear of probable upcoming political threats and economic challenges. This study focuses on examining the behaviour and trends of Chinese loan inflows for the time period of 2005 to 2018. Further, the incentives given to attract Chinese investments and the nature of China-Sri Lanka economic relationships will be thoroughly described in the study. Descriptive analysis method will be used depending on secondary data collected via central bank reports and World Bank reports. In 2017, China was the second highest exporter of Sri Lanka and sixth highest importer of Sri Lanka. China Sri Lanka relationships dating back to ancient times related to Buddhist cultural affairs and later developed into commercial and financial ties are expected to be grown into higher levels of political relationships which may result in strategic foreign plansItem China's String of Pearls Strategy and Sri Lankan Economy after 2009(2nd International Studies Students’ Research Symposium – 2018, Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Wageesha, K.K.G.L.China and Sri Lanka have extensive historical links, initially religious and cultural, and later also economic. The strategic location of Sri Lanka, between key shipping lanes and so-called ‘String of Pearls Strategy’, have significantly enhanced the two countries’ economic relations in recent years. By examining the state of those relations in two comparative contexts: brief explanations of String of Pearls Strategy’, the Strategical importance of Sri Lanka and the effects of China’s String of Pearls Strategy. The results highlight a number of findings. First, get to know about the String of Pearls Strategy and what kind of changes China did in the Indian Ocean Region. China creates a network on the military, commercial facilities among Indian Ocean Region nations to success their economic ambitions through the Indian Ocean Region nations. Second, Sri Lanka is very significant for the Indian Ocean Region and resourcefully importance of Sri Lanka to Chinese investors and their exports. Also, Sri Lanka becomes a hub of Indian Ocean, because of maritime silk route located near Sri Lankan sea. In that case, Colombo and Trincomalee had a significant role to play in the naval routs. Third, analyze the trade, investment and tourism relations with China. After 2009, China has been the top of Foreign Direct Investments donor and lender to Sri Lanka in recent years, the Foreign Direct Investments brings on impact to the Sri Lankan Economy after 2009 and China attract more investments, grants, and loans to Sri Lanka to develop the Sri Lankan economy. As these economic help Sri Lanka trap a debt crisis. Also, within these relations what kind of threats and opportunities can be faced as a country like Sri Lanka will be discussed. In this research try to identify the contribution of String of Pearls Strategy to Sri Lanka economy after the civil war of Sri LankaItem US Strategic Partnership with Japan and South Korea: Its Challenges for China(2nd International Studies Students’ Research Symposium – 2018, Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Hettiarachchi, R.G.The world is an entity filled with various power behavior of states. Within that entity, the United States’ dominance is visible worldwide. In this unipolar world with the United States, the rise of China tries to embrace whole international attraction based on its foreign policy. In the East Asian region, the United States has already expanded its grand strategy based on its strategic partnership with Japan and South Korea. The situation of holding hands among these powers is being turned to another pathway based on the activities implemented by the rise of China. Hence, the East Asia has become a full of extra ordinaries with ongoing strategic partnerships among these states. The research is based on qualitative and quantitative research approach and secondary data indicates the U.S. strategic partnerships with Japan and South Korea and China’s responses to it. The research findings conclude that the United States has gained a powerful position in relations with Japan and South Korea and the attitudes of China’s use of power has made a different shadow towards Japan and South Korea in order to response to the United States’ threat. Finally, China’s response faced with challenges of the U.S. strategic partnership with Japan and South Korea is expected to be analyzed under descriptive analysisItem One Belt One Road Initiative(2nd International Studies Students’ Research Symposium – 2018, Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Subasinghe, S.M.A.N.Y.China is an emerging super power and it’s expected to be emerging as super power by 2050. To fulfill their ambition, it is very important to enhance their power and economic advancement. Therefore, they established a new strategy named ‘One Belt One Road’. It is introduced by President Xi Jinping in 2013. OBOR is China’s broadly sketch vision of how it plans to develop and cooperate between different countries in Asia, Europe and Africa. It has two main routes. They are the land based economic belt and the twenty first century maritime silk route. According to many scholars Belt Road Initiative is a new type of marshal plan. It is an influential strategy in the contemporary world and through this strategy they wish to enhance their economy, as well as the world peace. It is based on a Win-win situation. Therefore, every participant states may get same benefits. The main purpose of this study is to explore implication of One Belt One Road and describes the economic, political, social and environmental aspects. SWOT analysis has been used to examine the strength, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and challenges to China and it emphasize the impacts of OBOR to the USA. The research take up a qualitative approach and to that end up it gathered secondary data particularly through conference proceedings, various documents of government, books, journal articles, magazine articles, and various websites of internet. OBOR is an ongoing strategy. It engages with more than sixty states and it is an influential factor to the world. According to China this strategy based on win-win situation. But there can identify some hiding expectation. Through this amazing strategy China is going to be the challenger of the existing super power. This study is significant in way of foreign relations and the power status of China in futureItem U.S. Involvement in South China Sea(2nd International Studies Students’ Research Symposium – 2018, Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Dissanayaka, R.P.M.Y.In many times the United States involved in many conflicts in all around the world. South China Sea is another conflicting area which has not found a suitable solution to resolve the dispute. As the rebalancing of U.S. control towards the Asia-Pacific happens, the potential for struggle has expanded in the South China Sea because of China's self-assuredness. Accordingly, the United States has made its expectations obvious about its objectives in the area. As an emerging partner, the Vietnam is the most resistant petitioner in the regional debate and has effectively tried to reinforce its military and security partnership as a counter balance to overwhelming Chinese military predominance. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to examine the game among core players of this dispute and their policies and strategies in this issue. This study also aims to study on provocations and challenges which emerges in this dispute. The findings of this study manifest that the relationships of USA with Eat-Asian countries has caused to China’s instigating and provocative role in the region as long as U.S. maintain close connection with these countries. This study takes up a qualitative approach and completely based on secondary data. To suggests the suitable policy options to resolve the dispute this study analyze the possible impacts of this territorial dispute. A SWOT analysis is a better way to identify strengths and weakness, opportunities and threats of each countries which are involved in this dispute. According to this analysis countries can find available options especially United Sates to avoid the security threats in the region and thereby this study recommended available options to resolve this dispute immediately and establish the peace and security in the regionItem A study on India and China Relations(2nd International Studies Students’ Research Symposium – 2018, Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Jayamali, K.M.C.This paper concerns the big issue of our time: the rise of India and China and the challenges faced by them. As the emerging powers of Asia, both India and China enter into the power game and they try to safeguard their position in the Asian continent. They struggle for future leadership. China is a fast-growing country and India's powerful neighbor. There is a strategic competition between India and China in the Indian Ocean. But still, India and China maintain their normal relations. But both India and China need to emerge as the major powers of the Indo-pacific. Sometimes their relations become more difficult. Their power capabilities, wealth and national interest come in front in that sense. China's growing presence of Indian Ocean, as well as the South Asian region, became an important strategic involvement. But India wants to become the leader in South Asia and also India has the priority to become the leader. The data has been collected under the qualitative method and analysis has been done with SWOT and theoretical analysis. In this research focus on contemporary diplomatic relations and security-related issues between India and China. China and India are the traditional states with the traditional issues and increase the mistrust and hostility between those giants. It became the serious damage to their friendship and especially it negatively impacted on smaller states in South Asia.Item Chinese Strategies towards Hegemonic Power Position(4th National Research Conference on Applied Social Statistics, Social Statistics Students’ Association, Department of Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Kumarasingha, M.W.While the US has steadily been on the wane, China has risen as a hegemonic power in the international arena. China's economic, political and military influence has been increasing from the different perspective. In 2016, China was the world largest exporter and second largest importer of the merchandise goods. It also had the world's largest Foreign Exchange Reserves, as of January 2018, China is the number one US treasury holder. Already China has been dominated South Asia, Africa and Latin America by strategically. By using different investment project and unconditional economic assistance, taken the powerful political decision, as well as augmentation of Confucianism China, has been focused on Global hegemony. This study examine the strategies used by China towards becoming as global hegemony by defeating US’s unipolar system. And further, it examines by these dramatically and strategically influence, weather China will be able to be a superpower? This study based on the secondary data derived from various websites, previous research related to the subject area, World Bank report and consider qualitative manner analysis. Today the biggest challenge for the United States is to use old and new strategies of both co-operation and coercion to manage the rise of China. But it can ascertain that using various strategies China will succeed the US as the Global hegemony within the next 10 or 20 years and the fate of the world will be changed in the most extensive procedureItem China's Silk Road Diplomacy, OBOR, and its Impact on Pakistan(4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Ratnaweera, K.H.B.O.This research comprises a study of the Chinese New Silk Road diplomacy, One Belt One Road, and its impact on Pakistan. The study focuses on analysing the controversial Chinese intentions which led China to implement China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, the pilot project of One Belt One Road under the Realist and Liberalist perspectives, and Sino-Pakistan relations. The research is heavily focused on identifying the impact of the project on socio-economic development of Pakistan as well as the threats and constraints that could possibly derail the positive implementation of the project. The research is a descriptive analysis comprised of the primary and secondary data from an array of sources taken from both governmental and nongovernmental publications. The flagship initiative of Chinese New Silk Road, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor project constitute of construction of a network of railway and road infrastructures, fibre optics and energy pipelines along with the development of industrial zones, power plants and Gwadar port. According to the research findings, the potential impact of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor project will significantly lead to Pakistan’s socioeconomic development. It will contribute to reducing the energy dependency and infrastructure deficit which have disrupted the sustainable economic growth of the country. However, due to some loopholes such as terrorist activities, division among politicians, lack of policy coordination etc., the research indicates that the proper implementation of the CPEC project has been disrupted. Nevertheless, this volatile situation can be overcome through better policy planning and implementation, application of stringent security and financial measures, and raising the public awareness regarding the bilateral agreements to mitigate the dissatisfaction widely prevailing among the local community on the division of CPEC prospectsItem Examine the Naval Supremacy in the Indian Ocean and its Impact on the Security of Small States: special reference to China and India.(1st International Studies Students’ Research Symposium-2017 (ISSRS 2017) ,Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Marakawaththa, I. A. G. G.The expanding economic and political powers of China and India have led each country to extend its naval operations into the other’s region of influence in order to safeguard and national interests. The continued operational expansion of China and India’s naval forces into each other’s claimed maritime domain is likely to trigger alliance formation and a naval arms buildup between the two countries which could lead to conflict in the near future. This study is supported by the evidence of active naval modernization programs initiated by China and India as well as the pursuit of security relations with countries in each other’s respective regions. Conflicting strategic cultures, a history of combative relations, and differences in long term strategic objectives warn of the possibility of a coming confrontation. This may not only be the maritime security climate, but the security of mainland Asia itself and has implication for future US security policy in the region. Research problem was how the competition between China and India for naval supremacy impact on the security of small states in the region. India and China try to subjugate small countries in the Indian Ocean using their naval power. Their power buildup has created an insecure environment in the region. The main objective of this research is to analyze the naval supremacy in the Indian Ocean and its impact on the security of small states. The specific objectives of this research are to examine the naval power buildup between China and India, and to discuss external powers involvement in the Indian Ocean. The research methodology is fundamentally based on secondary data. According to the research findings it could be identified that the expansion of power causes this problem. The study suggests reducing naval supremacy in the Indian Ocean and its impact on the security of small states should balance the power between India and China.Item China’s Foreign Policy toward North Korea: the Nuclear Crisis.(1st International Studies Students’ Research Symposium-2017 (ISSRS 2017) ,Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Subasinghe, M. C.The North Korean nuclear issue has become a threat to the security of both Northeast Asia and even the world at large. As China has been widely perceived as North Korea’s “only ally” and the most economic and trading partner, China has long been expected to play a major role in resolving the North Korean nuclear issue. Despite the friendly relations between the two countries, China has adopted a changing policy towards North Korea in the recent years. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to elaborate on the specific policies adopted by China in the past several years, highlighting the steps taken to slow down the North Korean nuclear proliferation. Meanwhile, it is also expected to unveil the age-old relationship between China and North Korea while identifying Chinese strategic interests in North Korea both today and historically. Moreover, the key factors that will determine China’s future policy towards North Korea are also to be analyzed at the end. Secondary data sources like reports, academic journals, books and newspaper articles had been used to collect data and qualitative data analysis had been used for the purpose of data analysis. China had to make changes in its policy in order to counteract North Korea’s increasing nuclear capabilities. Accordingly, China had supported the framework of the Six-Party Talks, imposed economic sanctions, and also had supported the effort to denuclearize North Korea by adopting several UN resolutions as well. Moreover, China’s foreign policy measures towards North Korea emphasize its own determination to safeguard the national interests of China at a large scale. Because of North Korea’s geostrategic location in Northeast Asia, its geopolitical stability is important to maintain border security of China. Unstable North Korea would challenge China’s dominance in the region. Therefore, China’s strategic interests in North Korea have also mattered in implementing new foreign policy measures towards North Korea. In addition, economic cooperation between China and North Korea, China’s nuclear policy and U.S. pressure on China’s policy have become the key determinants of future North Korea – Chinese relations.