Medicine
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This repository contains the published and unpublished research of the Faculty of Medicine by the staff members of the faculty
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Item Whole-body hypothermia, cerebral magnetic resonance biomarkers, and outcomes in neonates with moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy born at tertiary care centers vs other facilities: A nested study within a randomized clinical trial(American Medical Association, 2023) Thayyil, S.; Montaldo, P.; Krishnan, V.; Ivain, P.; Pant, S.; Lally, P.J.; Bandiya, P.; Benkappa, N.; Kamalaratnam, C.N.; Chandramohan, R.; Manerkar, S.; Mondkar, J.; Jahan, I.; Moni, S.C.; Shahidullah, M.; Rodrigo, R.; Sumanasena, S.; Sujatha, R.; Burgod, C.; Garegrat, R.; Mazlan, M.; Chettri, I.; Babu, S.P.; Joshi, A.R.; Swamy, R.; Chong, K.; Pressler, R.R.; Bassett, P.; Shankaran, S.IMPORTANCE: The association between place of birth and hypothermic neuroprotection after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the association between place of birth and the efficacy of whole-body hypothermia for protection against brain injury measured by magnetic resonance (MR) biomarkers among neonates born at a tertiary care center (inborn) or other facilities (outborn). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This nested cohort study within a randomized clinical trial involved neonates at 7 tertiary neonatal intensive care units in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh between August 15, 2015, and February 15, 2019. A total of 408 neonates born at or after 36 weeks' gestation with moderate or severe HIE were randomized to receive whole-body hypothermia (reduction of rectal temperatures to between 33.0 °C and 34.0 °C; hypothermia group) for 72 hours or no whole-body hypothermia (rectal temperatures maintained between 36.0 °C and 37.0 °C; control group) within 6 hours of birth, with follow-up until September 27, 2020. EXPOSURE: 3T MR imaging, MR spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Thalamic N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) mmol/kg wet weight, thalamic lactate to NAA peak area ratios, brain injury scores, and white matter fractional anisotropy at 1 to 2 weeks and death or moderate or severe disability at 18 to 22 months. RESULTS: Among 408 neonates, the mean (SD) gestational age was 38.7 (1.3) weeks; 267 (65.4%) were male. A total of 123 neonates were inborn and 285 were outborn. Inborn neonates were smaller (mean [SD], 2.8 [0.5] kg vs 2.9 [0.4] kg; P = .02), more likely to have instrumental or cesarean deliveries (43.1% vs 24.7%; P = .01), and more likely to be intubated at birth (78.9% vs 29.1%; P = .001) than outborn neonates, although the rate of severe HIE was not different (23.6% vs 17.9%; P = .22). Magnetic resonance data from 267 neonates (80 inborn and 187 outborn) were analyzed. In the hypothermia vs control groups, the mean (SD) thalamic NAA levels were 8.04 (1.98) vs 8.31 (1.13) among inborn neonates (odds ratio [OR], -0.28; 95% CI, -1.62 to 1.07; P = .68) and 8.03 (1.89) vs 7.99 (1.72) among outborn neonates (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, -0.62 to 0.71; P = .89); the median (IQR) thalamic lactate to NAA peak area ratios were 0.13 (0.10-0.20) vs 0.12 (0.09-0.18) among inborn neonates (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.96-1.08; P = .59) and 0.14 (0.11-0.20) vs 0.14 (0.10-0.17) among outborn neonates (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.98-1.09; P = .18). There was no difference in brain injury scores or white matter fractional anisotropy between the hypothermia and control groups among inborn or outborn neonates. Whole-body hypothermia was not associated with reductions in death or disability, either among 123 inborn neonates (hypothermia vs control group: 34 neonates [58.6%] vs 34 [56.7%]; risk ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.76-1.41), or 285 outborn neonates (hypothermia vs control group: 64 neonates [46.7%] vs 60 [43.2%]; risk ratio, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.83-1.41). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this nested cohort study, whole-body hypothermia was not associated with reductions in brain injury after HIE among neonates in South Asia, irrespective of place of birth. These findings do not support the use of whole-body hypothermia for HIE among neonates in LMICs.Item Anxiety and depression among patients at a tertiary care respiratory clinic in Sri Lanka(Sri Lanka College of Psychiatrists, 2018) Galhenage, J.S.; Rupasinghe, J.P.N.; Weerasinghe, W.B.D.D.; Abeywardena, G.S.; Williams, S.S.; Gunasena, B.BACKGROUND: Chronic respiratory diseases are associated with increased risk of mood and anxiety disorders. These disorders in turn may lead to frequent hospital admissions and lower treatment adherence among patients with respiratory disease. AIMS: The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with chronic lung diseases and their association with socio demographic factors. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among patients at a respiratory outpatient clinic at the National Hospital for Respiratory Diseases, Welisara. Demographic data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire; a selfadministered Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale was used to examine for the presence of anxiety or depression. Consecutive patients who gave written informed consent to were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 451 patients were participated in the study, of whom 274 (60.8%) were females. The mean age was 57.4 (SD=15.3) years and the majority (74.7%) were married. The education level of 226 (50.1%) was between grade 5 and grade 11. There was no permanent income for 196 (43.5%). The majority had bronchial asthma (60.3%) and 151 (33.5%) had one or more co-morbid medical illness. The mean score for the anxiety component was 6.78 (SD=3.59) and for the depression component it was 7.03 (SD=3.11). Seventy (15.5%) screened positive for anxiety and another 100 (22.2%) were doubtful cases. Sixty five (14.4%) screened positive for depression and another 128 (28.4%) were doubtful cases. Participants who were unmarried, divorced, separated or widowed had significantly higher levels of anxiety compared to those who were married (p=0.005). Patients who had a monthly income also had more anxiety compared to those who did not have an income (p=0.003). Conclusions: One fifth of the patients attending the respiratory clinic screened positive for anxiety and depression. This indicates the importance of addressing the psychological morbidity among patients with chronic lung disease.Item Factors associated with urinary tract infections caused by extended spectrum β-lactamase producing organisms (ESBL-UTI) among hospitalized patients in a tertiary care hospital(Sri Lanka Medical Association, 2016) Fernando, S.C.; Wickramasinghe, R.D.S.S.; Luke, W.A.N.V.; Gunathilake, M.P.M.L.; Sebastiampillai, B.S.; Miththinda, J.K.N.D.; Silva, F.H.D.S.; Premaratna, B.A.H.R.INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Management of infections caused by ESBL producers is a challenge and expensive. Known associations for ESBL-UTI include recent hospitalizations, recent treatment with cephalosporins, quinolones or penicillin, age over 60 years, male gender, diabetes mellitus, recent Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and obstructive uropathy. Associations for ESBL-UTI in Sri Lanka are not known. METHOD: In order to identify associations of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by ESBL producers (ESBL-UTI),a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in patients with culture positive ESBL-UTIs admitted to the Professorial Medical unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital. Patients’ medical records and an interviewer administered questionnaire were used to obtain data. RESULTS: There were 61 patients, 30 (49.1%) males with a mean age of 64.1 years. Of them, 54 (88.5%) had diabetes mellitus,38 (62.2%) had hypertension and 10 (16.3%) had chronic liver disease (CLD). 21 (34.4%) had acute pyelonephritis, 19 (31.1%) had evidence of chronic kidney disease,8 (13%) had obstructive uropathy by ultrasonography. A history of constipation was given in 27 (44.2%), hospitalization during the past 3 months in 30 (49.2%), urinary catheterization in 20 (32.7%) and antibiotic treatment within the past 3 months in 39 (63.9%). CONCLUSION: Most associations for ESBL-UTI in Sri Lanka were similar to that had been previously described. However the observed higher incidence of CLD, hypertension and CKD needs further evaluation. The fact that 50.8% did not have a history of recent hospitalization and 36.1% did not have recent antibiotic therapy suggest high community prevalence of ESBL producing organisms.Item An audit on the outcome of Vaginal Birth after Caesarean Section (VBAC) in a Sri Lankan tertiary care setting and factors associated with failure(Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2015) Tilakaratna, T.J.; Palihawadana, T.S.; Fernandopulle, R.C.INTRODUCTION: Caesarean section is a major surgical operation and its rate is on the rise in Sri Lanka as well as in the world. It is recommended to lower the Caesarean section rate due to the risk of potential complications and burden on the health care system. Previous Caesarean is a common indication for planned Caesarean section and vaginal birth after Caesarean section (VBAC) is considered a safe alternative for many women. This audit study was aimed at determining the success rate of VBAC in a local setting and to identify the factors that are associated with failure in this study population. METHOD: An audit study was carried out in two obstetric units if South Colombo Teaching hospital, Kalubowila and De Soysa hospital for women, Colombo 8 to assess the success rate among women who underwent VBAC. The unit policies included patient choice for decision to undergo VBAC and non-usage of medication either for induction or augmentation of labour. The audit standards were set as a VBAC success rate of 72% (RCOG Green-top guidelines) and a low APGAR (<7) in less than 2% of neonates (set by clinical experience). The demographic and past obstetric factors were compared between groups to determine significant associations. RESULTS: A total of 161 women (37.8% of those with a previous one Caesarean) had opted to undergo VBAC during the study period. It was successful in 69.6% of the total study sample and 84.6% who has had a previous vaginal delivery. Low APGAR scores at 5 minutes was observed in two neonates (1.2%) and both these were in the group with a successful VBAC. The factors associated with failed VBAC in this study population included not having had a previous vaginal delivery (Odds ratio 2.99), poor progress of labour being the indication for previous section (OR 2.32), a cervical dilatation of <2cm at onset of labour (OR 4.43), malpositions in early labour (OR 12.24), and a birth weight of more than 3000g (OR 2.11). Other preciously described factors such as a high BMI and inter-delivery interval failed to show a significant association in this study group. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The take up rate of VBAC in our study population seems to be low. However, the study did not study the reasons contributing to this low rate hence no recommendations can be made. The success rate of VBAC on our group (69%) was very close to the set standards (72%) and the rate of low APGAR at 5 minutes was 1.2% and was achieving the set standard. These figures along with the factors identified to be associated with the failure at VBAC should be used for patient counseling in our local setting. Other units also should carry out such audit projects to find out the success rate of VBAC in their respective units. More in-depth studies should be carried out to find causes for low rate of undergoing VBAC and to determine effective ways to improve it