Medicine
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This repository contains the published and unpublished research of the Faculty of Medicine by the staff members of the faculty
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Item Challenges faced in establishing a pediatric liver transplant program in a lower‐middle‐income country with free healthcare service(Wiley, 2024) Fernando, M.; Tillakaratne, S.; Gunetilleke, B.; Liyanage, C.; Appuhamy, C.; Weerasuriya, A.; Uragoda, B.; Welikala, N.; Ranaweera, L.; Ganewatte, E.; Dissanayake, J.; Mudalige, A.; Siriwardana, R.ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Liver transplant is the cure for children with liver failure. Sri Lanka is a lower-middle-income country with a predominant free, state health system. Pediatric liver transplant program in Sri Lanka is still in the budding state where the initial experience of the program is yet to be documented. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed including the clinical characteristics of all pediatric liver transplant recipients of Colombo North Centre for Liver Diseases since the inception of the program from June 2020 to May 2023. RESULTS: There were 14 PLT performed in 3 years. The median recipient age and weight were 8 years (6 months–15 years) and 23.3 kg (6.4–49.2), respectively. The majority were boys (64%). All were from low-income backgrounds. Indications for LT were acute liver failure (5/14), decompensated chronic liver disease (5/14), and acute on chronic liver failure (4/14). Underlying liver diseases were Wilson disease (6/14), autoimmune liver disease (3/14), biliary atresia (2/14) and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (1/14), and unknown etiology (2/14). The majority were living donor liver transplants (86%). Of the living donors, 42% (5/12) were Buddhist priests. There were three immediate deaths and two late deaths. The 3-month survival was 78%, and overall survival was 64%. Living donor transplants carried a higher success rate (92%) compared to diseased donor transplants (0%; 2/2). CONCLUSIONS: Initial experience of pediatric liver transplant program of Sri Lanka is promising despite being established in a free healthcare system amidst the crisis circumstances.Item An ABO-incompatible living donor liver transplant in an infant with acute liver failure in the Sri Lankan setting(The Sri Lanka Medical Association, 2023) Fernando, M.; Tillakaratne, S.; Gunetilleke, B.; Liyanage, C.; Appuhamy, C.; Weerasuriya, A.; Dissanayake, J.; Siriwardana, R.Liver transplant (LT) is the standard therapy for medically refractory acute liver failure (ALF). Finding a deceaseddonor graft in an emergency is challenging and often overcome by living-donation. Blood group matching is practised for LT though ABO-incompatible liver transplant (ABOi-LT) is performed inselected circumstances. We report an infant who underwent successful ABOincompatible living donor LT for ALF of unknown aetiology. This being the country’s first ABOi-LT, the youngest LT recipient to date and the youngest receiving emergency LT for ALF; we describe the novel experience at a resource-limited setting in Sri Lanka (SL).Item Optimizing intraoperative haemodynamics and haemostasis to enhance recovery after liver transplantation for cirrhosis in adults(College of Anaesthesiologists of Sri Lanka, 2022) Gunetilleke, B.; Welikala, N.; Ranamuni, R.; Jayaweera, D.; de Silva, T.; Amerasinghe, O.; Liyanage, C.; Dissanayake, J.; Appuhamy, C.; Fernando, M.; Thilakarathne, S.; Dassanayake, A.; Niriella, M.; Siriwardana, R.; Gilbert-Kawai, E.Cirrhosis with end stage liver disease is a leading cause of non-communicable disease related deaths in Sri Lanka. Liver transplantation remains the only curative treatment for such patients. Multi-organ dysfunction characteristic of end stage liver disease, surgical and anaesthetic factors, quality of the graft, coagulopathy and haemodynamic instability, all lead to the complexity of the perioperative care for liver transplant. Aggressive management focused particularly on maintaining intra-operative haemodynamic stability and optimizing haemostasis, directly impacts successful patient outcomes and forms the core of the anaesthetic strategy.Item Fifty liver transplants: a single centre experience of haemodynamic management in liver transplantation for cirrhosis [part 2](The College of Surgeons of Sri Lanka, 2021) Gunetilleke, B.; Ranamuni, R.; Jayaweera, D.; Welikala, N.; Kerner, V.; Hettiarachchi, D.; Munasinghe, N.; Withanage, R.; Wickremasinghe, N.; Hewage, S.; Fernando, M.; Hettiarachchi, D.; Niriella, M.; Dassanayake, A.; Thilakaratne, S.; Wijesuriya, R.; Liyanage, C.; Siriwardana, R.; Dissanayake, J.; Wijesuriya, N.; Rodrigo, U.; Rodrigo, U.; Mudalige, A.; de Silva, J.Globally, an estimated one million deaths occur annually due to complications of cirrhosis. Cirrhosis with end stage liver disease [ESLD] is a leading cause death due to non- communicable diseases in Sri Lanka. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD] and alcohol related liver disease [ARLD] are the principal causes of ESLD due to cirrhosis in Sri Lanka. Liver transplantation remains the only curative treatment for such patients. Multiorgan dysfunction and hemodynamic instability characteristic of ESLD adds to the complexity of perioperative care in liver transplantation. Maintenance of stable hemodynamics including optimal hemostasis forms the core of the anaesthetic strategy in liver transplantation.Item Fifty liver transplants: a single centre experience of haemodynamic management in liver transplantation for cirrhosis [part 1](College of Surgeons of Sri Lanka, 2021) Gunetilleke, B.; Ranamuni, R.; Jayaweera, D.; Welikala, N.; Kerner, V.; Munasinghe, N.; Withanage, R.; Wickremasinghe, N.; Hewage, S.; Wijesuriya, N.; Rodrigo, U.; Mudalige, A.; Fernando, M.; Hettiarachchi, D.; Dissanayake, J.; Niriella, M.; Dassanayake, A.; Thilakaratne, S.; de Silva, J.; Siriwardana, R.; WIjesuriya, R.; Liyanage, C.ABSTRACT: Cirrhosis with end stage liver disease (ESLD) is a leading cause of non-communicable disease related deaths in Sri Lanka. Liver transplantation is the only curative treatment for patients with ESLD. The complex multisystem involvement and unique cardiovascular profile characteristic of ESLD present formidable challenges during liver transplantation. Management of the rapid and varied hemodynamic changes during surgery requires an in depth understanding of the physiological effects of each intervention. Based on the current literature and the experience gained at our center during the management of 50 liver transplants, we present optimization strategies and perioperative hemodynamic interventions which we use to ‘Fast track’ recovery following liver transplantation. KEYWORDS: Liver transplantation, cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol related liver diseaseItem Hilar cholangiocarcinomas - from nihilism to aggressive treatment(The College of Surgeons of Sri Lanka, 2012) Liyanage, C.; Nawaratne, M.; Pathirana, A.; Gunasekara, D.; Pranahewa, L.; Prasad, R.; Wijeratne, T.; Bogammana, M.; Wijesooriya, R.; Siriwardhana, R.INTRODUCTION: Hllar-Cholangio-carcinomas (HCC) are aggressive tumours with a dismal prognosis. The general tendency amongst all specialities is to palliate them. As response to adjuvant therapy is marginal we have embarked on aggressive management of these patients with the available surgical and endoscopic expertise. METHODS: Patients presenting to the North Colombo Teaching hospital· and the Gastrointerology unit of the National hospital in 2011 were included . All had Tri phasic CT , MRCP or ERCP prior to be discussed at MDT with all the above authors regarding further management. Patients with Bismuth 1 v lesions and unfit for surgery underwent Combination ERCP/doublestenting/RFA of lesion/Rendezvous procedure/Percutaneous, stenting or PTC. RESULTS: 32 patients were treated .5/32 had radical surgical resections (2 extended right hepatectomy with bile duct resecton and lymphadenectomy (BDR+LA), 2 extended left hepatectomy +BDR+LA, and 1 extended heft hepatectomy with BDR+LA+Reconstruction of Right hepatic artery and right portal vein. I underwent segment iii bypass. 7 patients underwent ERCP and serial RFA with stenting. 3/5 patients are alive and disease free at 6-12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Where possible HCC patients should be offered a curative resection. RFA gives longer and better palliation compared to standard stenting. These patients should be managed by a specialized team as aggressive management may improve their survival.Item Duodenal diverticuli: do they predispose for Common Bile Duct (CBD) pathology?(The College of Surgeons of Sri Lanka, 2012) Liyanage, C.; Keragala, T.; Femandopulle, N.; Nawaratne, N. M. M.INTRODUCTION: Periampullary duodenal diverticuli (PDD) are extra luminal mucosal out pouching of duodenum arising adjacent to or containing the ampulla of Vater or intraluminal portion of CBD . Juxta-papillary duodenal diverticuli (JPDD) are defined as diverticuli located with in radius of 2 cm of major papilla but not involving them. We note that patients with 'DD have a higher tendency for stone formation and biliary complications. METHODS: 100 consecutive patients who underwent ERCP at the National Hospital Sri lanka in 2011 were included in this study. The incidence of DD, position , associated pathology ,difficulty index, special procedures, outcome and complications were noted. RESULTS: 26 patients had DD. 18 had PDD and 6 JPDD. 12/18 of PDD and 4/6 JPDD had common bile duct stones. 1/26 an ERCP could not be. performed and had open CBD exploration. In 6/18 with PDD a hurricane balloon dilatation of the papilla was done instead of sphincterotomy. There · was one hilarcholangio cancer and 2 pancreatic cancers and 4 pancreatitis patients. Patients with stone disease were managed with total endoscopic procedures in 23/24. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PDD and JPDD have a high incidence of CBD stones disease. .A papillary manometry study could be undertaken to ascertain the biliary sphincter pressures in patients with PDD.Item Retrospective study on the foeto–maternal status of teenage pregnancies in the Dimbulagala MOH area(Sri Lanka Medical Association, 2017) Liyanage, C.; Abeysena, H.T.C.S.; Ariyarathne, A.M.N.; Liyanage, J.; Senavirathnea, D.P.M.A.; Thilak Udayasiri, A.A.INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES: A pregnancy occurring in a young woman who has not reached her 20th birthday is considered as a teenage pregnancy. The impact of consequences of teenage pregnancies in Sri Lanka is not well described. The objective of the study was to assess the foetal and maternal status of teenage pregnancies in the Dimbulagala MOH area. METHODS: A community based retrospective cohort study was carried out in the Dimbulagala MOH area. A sample of 160 teenage mothers was selected. An interviewer-administered pre–tested questionnaire was used to collect the data during the study period. Data was analyzed using SPSS 17 version. RESULTS: Of this sample of teenage mothers, 75.0% (n=120) were aged between 17 and 19 years and their highest educational level was up to grades 6-11. Out of the total sample, 75% had attained puberty before 13 years of age. From this sample, 30% had ante-natal complications in early pregnancy like anaemia, ante-partum complications and PIH. Low birth weight (less than 2.5kg) was seen in 42.1% (n=67). Only 4.4% (n=7) was admitted to the PBU due to foetal complications. CONCLUSION: Though we had an idea that teenagers encounter several problems in foetal and maternal life, this study showed those parameters were not above the national average. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the foeto-maternal status in the future.Item Clinical characteristics and outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma in alcohol related and cryptogenic cirrhosis:a prospective study(Elsevier, 2015) Siriwardana, R.C.; Niriella, M.A.; Dassanayake, A.S.; Liyanage, C.; Gunetilleke, B.; Jayathunge, S.; de Silva, H.J.BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a leading cause of chronic liver disease. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of its complications. Although the pathophysiology is unclear, it is reasonable to expect that cryptogenic cirrhosis related HCC (cryptogenic HCC) behaves differently to other types of HCC. This study prospectively compared patients with cryptogenic HCC and those with HCC related to alcoholic cirrhosis. METHODS: A total of 150 consecutive patients with HCC (89 cryptogenic HCC and 61 alcohol related HCC) referred to our unit over a 23-month period were studied. Their demographic data, liver function, tumor characteristics and outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Alcohol related HCC was seen only in males. Compared with cryptogenic HCC, alcohol related HCC had significantly higher aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio (1.7 vs 1.4, P=0.002), model for end-stage liver disease score (13 vs 11, P=0.018) and Child's score (7 vs 6, P=0.037). No significant difference was seen in platelet counts, serum sodium and AST to platelet ratio index. Single nodular tumors were more common in cryptogenic HCC, while diffuse type tumors and macroscopic vascular invasion were common in alcohol related HCC. In patients who could not be offered any treatment because of advanced tumors or poor liver function, alcohol related HCC had a significantly lower median survival (5.3 months) compared with cryptogenic HCC (9.3 months, P=0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with cryptogenic HCC, alcohol related HCC had worse liver function and aggressive tumor morphology at presentation, and a higher proportion was untreatable. In patients who could not be treated, median survival was lower in patients with alcohol related HCC than in those with cryptogenic HCC.Item Umbilical endometriosis-A simple but challenging diagnosis for surgeons(College of Surgeons of Sri Lanka, 2014) Jayathilake, K.G.H.; Withana, S.; Siriwardana, R.; Mahendra, G.; Liyanage, C.