International Conference on Applied Social Statistics (ICASS)

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    Identification formats and levels in Machine Readable Cataloging Standards for Library Automation of University Libraries in Sri Lanka
    (International Conference on Applied Social Statistics (ICASS) - 2019, Department of Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Rathnayaka, D.; Wasala, W. M. T. A. P.
    Operating all library functions by using computers without manual activities is Library Automation. Library automation has been developed for library in-house operations including acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serial controls, user controls, budgeting and reporting such as selective dissemination of information. Library Management Systems (LMS) are being used to automate most of the university libraries in Sri Lanka. In 1960, Computers had been used for cataloguing purposes (Ghaebi et al., 2010). The functions included in LMS are mainly based on the Cataloguing standard. For example, KOHA was created depending on MARC standards. Machine Readable Catalogue (MARC) is not only a cataloguing function but, a method of cataloguing based on computer or machine and it is a scientific format for creating and identifying bibliographical information in LMS. During 1965 to 1966, MARC I was published under the project named “Pilot Project” eventually MARC II in 1967(Ghaebi et al., 2010, Henriette, 1968). MARC 21 was published after IFLA - UNESCO conference in 1972. UNIMARC, CANMARC, UKMARC, INDOMARC are some of the MARC standards which were introduced later (Ghaebi et al., 2010). Fifteen government Universities under University Grants Commission have been used both Open Source Library Management Systems (OSLMS) and Commercial Library Management Systems (CLMS) for library automation. KOHA OSLMS was used twelve out of fifteen university libraries, other universities used CLMS for the library activities in January 2019.
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    Study of Customer Based Brand Equity in promoting Sri Lanka as a Wedding Tourism Destination - With Special Reference in Southern Region
    (International Conference on Applied Social Statistics (ICASS) - 2019, Department of Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Rathnayake, C.
    Wedding tourism is a recently emerging tourism market which is still in its development phase when compared with sun-sea-sand and culture or nature tourism segments. After realizing the real potential benefits of this niche market, most of destinations commenced promoting wedding based tourism. Destination marketers used to market and branding destinations as perfect places for destination weddings and honeymoons. As described by Ching, wedding destinations can be defined as the places where newly married couples make visits to feel each other without any disturbance from other common family bonds. It makes them feel very closer to their hearts and gives them lifelong pleasures. Ching further pointed out that the tropical beach is the ideal location sold by the industry for the wedding away because of its own discourse and ideology as an iconic tourist destination. And also, Ching emphasized that the increasing popularity of the destination wedding demonstrates an attempt by couples to negotiate and even change the meaning and purpose of the wedding ritual; and, as a result, the wedding itself is taking on new meaning. In this context, wedding destinations add new meaning to the newly wedded couples beyond conventional framework. According to Abad & Hossein (n.d.) that many researchers have shown interest in brand equity concept and tried to use different approaches to measure it in various industries. This is because of the necessity in today's marketplace to develop, maintain and use product branding to acquire a certain level of competitive advantage. Strong brand offers advantages such as competitiveness position in the markets, more brand loyalty and better reaction toward increase in price by customers. A brand could be defined as a "name, sign, symbol or design, or combination of these, intended to determine the goods of an organization and distinguish them from those of competitors" (AMA, 2013). Hotel guests rely on brand names to reduce the risk associated with staying at an otherwise unknown property (O’Neill & Xiao, 2006). Thus, a brand is something for consumers to feel good about (Vaid, 2003), and successful brand organizations promote themselves as such. This has been further clarified by Clifton, Simonn & Ahmad (2003) and according to them brands offer potential guests the perception of reliable quality service and memorable experience.
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    Socio – Demographic Profile of Criminals Who Committed Homicides: in Relation to Mahara Prison
    (International Conference on Applied Social Statistics (ICASS) - 2019, Department of Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Kumara, S.W.P.
    Homicide which is belongs to a grave crime category can be identified as a common crime to any society. Homicide is the killing of one human being by another (Adler, Muller and Laufer, 1991). Homicide can be explained simply as ‘the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought’ (Kornblum and Julian, 1974). Assassinate a person with purposively is a homicide (The encyclopedia Americana, 1959). According to the police records, In Sri Lanka, homicides have been recorded from different areas of the country. In 2017, homicide rate for Sri Lanka was 2.3 cases per 100,000 populations. It is fluctuated the number of recorded homicides cases with the time. Homicide is caused by mix of factors and socio - demographic structure can be a risk factor for homicide. According to these facts it is essential to identify the socio – demographic profile of homicide criminals
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    Intra-Regional Tourism as a Soft Power tool of Small States: Comparative Study of Sri Lanka and Cambodia
    (International Conference on Applied Social Statistics (ICASS) - 2019, Department of Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Wijesinghe, H.
    It is beyond doubt that power is recognized as one of the central yet problematic concepts in international relations. As identified by Joseph Nye, power is like weather. Everyone depends on it and talks about it, but few understands it (2004, p.04). Power can be simply defined as the ability to achieve one’s purposes and goals. In his epic work, “Politics among Nations” Hans J Morgenthau proclaims that international politics like all politics is a struggle for power. Whatever the ultimate aim of international politics, power is always the immediate aim (Morgenthau, 1948, p.13). Nye (2004) distinguishes between two forms of power, namely soft power and hard power. According to him, hard power refers to the ability to use the carrots and sticks of economic and military might to make others follow your will (ibid). On the other hand, soft power is defined as the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payment, which includes culture, values and foreign policies. Soft power rests on the ability to set the political agenda in a way that shapes the preferences of others (ibid). According to Chang (2007), soft power is emerging and getting more influential in today’s global information space and it has less hard support. As far as small states are concerned, while there is so much literature available on small states, there is no consensus when it comes to defining small states. According to Chang (2007), small states suffer from a definitional problem in both theory and political practice. However, for the purpose of the study, a small state is defined as a state which can never act alone and make a significant impact on the international system, using its quantitative or tangible elements of power. This inability to influence and attract the international community through tangible elements of power has made small states rely more on soft power as a source of influencing the international community and attaining national interests. As one of the world’s largest economic sectors, travel and tourism creates jobs, drives exports, and generates prosperity across the world (WTTC, 2018). As far as Cambodia and Sri Lanka are concerned, both countries rely heavily on tourism industry. Looking at the numbers, over the years the number of tourists visiting both the countries have increased significantly. Against this backdrop, the main objective of this study is to examine the relevance of intra-regional tourism for small states like Cambodia and Sri Lanka. It compares the where these two countries stand in the context of promoting and attracting tourists from their own regions.
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    Factors associated with destination image on tourists’ revisit: With reference to Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka
    (International Conference on Applied Social Statistics (ICASS) - 2019, Department of Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Fernando, A. L. B.; Perera, P. G. T. N.; Liyanage, L.N.
    As tourism is one of the prominent sectors in the Sri Lankan economy, number of research studies have been done in order to find the impact of tourism income on the economic development. For the purpose of gaining higher income through tourism, it is essential to have a continuous tourist arrival. To achieve that, revisit intention of tourists is a significant factor. The major identified factors affecting tourist revisit intention include satisfaction (Choo & Petrick, 2014; Ranjbarian & Pool, 2015; Um et al., 2006) perceived value (Petrick et al., 2001; Campo-Martinez et al., 2010), past vacation experience (Chen & Gursoy, 2001; Kozak, 2001), sense of security (Chen & Gursoy, 2001), image (Allameh et al., 2014; Pratminingsih et al., 2014; Hallmann et al., 2015; Tan & Wu, 2016), attachment (Petrick, 2004), and cultural difference (Chen & Gursoy, 2001). Out of these, destination image consists of the overall beliefs, ideas and impressions consumers have about a place or destination. Studies analyzing destination image and revisit intention have shown a positive effect between destination image and revisiting behaviour of tourists (Rittichainuwat et al., 2001; Tasci & Gartner, 2007). Destination image consists of cognitive and affective images (Beerli & Martin, 2004). Cognitive images are visible elements (eg landscape, cleanliness), or psychological elements (impression about atmosphere and hospitality). Affective images comprise of the feelings or emotions a tourist generates about a given destination (Martin & Bosque, 2008). Therefore, this study aims to examine the factors associated with destination image on the revisit intention of tourists.
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    Study of Using New Media for the Management of Institutional Public Relations Internally and Externally (With Special Reference to TelecomCompany)
    (International Conference on Applied Social Statistics (ICASS) - 2019, Department of Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Suraweera, N.; Dharmasiri, K.; Karunathilake, A. S. M. N.; Thathsarani, W.A.P.
    The main link in the business sector is the customer. If there are no customers, that could jeopardize the well-being of a business. To prevent this from collapsing, more effective public relations methods must be adopted. Most of the businesses in the world use these public relations methods to promote their institutions. This is mainly a form of advertising. This enables the customer to get access to information without paying (Frolova, 2014). New media systems with low-cost are used in many organizations around the world. It was observed that public relations have now become an essential part of business communication (Diedrick, 2017). The new media, which are widely used in corporate and internal, were identified. For example, Website, Social media - (Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin), e-mail, Computer, Land Phone/ Mobile Phone), etc. There is an active relationship between the customer and the organization of a business. The internal process of a business involves a variety of customers. It uses the Internet and global communication strategies to build a huge business presence. It seeks to build a revolution through the new media tools of the modernizing society. The use of new media has enabled businesses to create a dialogue with customers. It enables users to share products and services with clients. There is a greater emphasis on new media related public relations methods, rather than on doing so effectively. The new media features have positive features that can be used as a public relations method. New media has the ability to transfer information efficiently than traditional media. Communication tools, such as television, radio, and newspaper, enable faster communication with new media features.
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    A Study of the Factors Affecting on Customer Satisfaction in Tourism Industry in Sri Lanka
    (International Conference on Applied Social Statistics (ICASS) - 2019, Department of Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Kosgoda, T.M.; Kitsiri, V.D.
    Consumer loyalty is a business logic, which watches out for the making of significant worth for clients, envisioning and dealing with their desires, and exhibiting capacity and duty to fulfill their needs. The nature of administration and consumer loyalty are basic components for the accomplishment of any business (Parasuraman et al., 1988, Gronoos, 1990). Be that as it may, achieving consumer loyalty is known to be the most critical and the most contemporary test looked by the administration business (Marković and Janković, 2013). Llach et al (2016) has expressed that the cordiality business faces a great deal difficulty. These difficulties incorporate monetary issues, increment in rivalry and client requests. Kandampully and Suhartanto (2000) contends that the developing volume and rivalry has opened entry ways for clients with more options, more prominent incentive for cash and increased dimensions of administration. Picking up an upper hand is the way to confront this test. Subsequently, accomplishing consumer loyalty is key for the accomplishment of the neighborliness business because of its administration direction. According to the pilot study done in February in the year 2019, taking 20 tourists, identified that tourists are in opinions that they visit Sri Lanka not for the first time but for the second or third time. This indicates they prefer to be here in Sri Lanka rather than other destinations. Some tourists convey; “Ever since October 2015 we have been coming here,” said Jameel and Tanya from Palestine and Ukraine respectively. “We don’t care about bombs or other issues. We love Sri Lanka and will continue to come here.” This shows that repeat purchase intention is always there. Then the questions come, because of what reasons they visit Sri Lanka more than one time. However, many arguments come into effect to decide what factors come as variables influencing consumer loyalty in the friendliness business of Sri Lanka and its effect to keep up Sri Lanka's upper hand as a much looked for after vacationer goal
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    Impact of External Factors on Service Quality of Travel Agency (With special reference to Green Holiday Centre (Pvt) Ltd)
    (International Conference on Applied Social Statistics (ICASS) - 2019, Department of Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Idroos, A. A.; Ranaweera, R. A. A. K.; Madhusankha, W. A. I.
    Green Holiday Centre is a medium scale travel agency operating its services on the inbound tour operations in Sri Lanka. They mainly consist with four markets such as Indian, Eastern Europe, China and other markets. Out of the markets recently the china market has a drop in the company, according to the SLTDA statistics during these period china arrivals has been rapidly increasing. Though the company Chinese market has been declined still the factors from the side of the organization kept constant. Hence researcher assumes that this decline would be due to the external factors. Therefore, this research mainly focuses on identifying the guest satisfactory level of the external factors and to find the relationship between external factors and the service quality of the travel Agency
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    Stakeholders Perception on Bentota Tourism Industry
    (International Conference on Applied Social Statistics (ICASS) - 2019, Department of Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Wickramaratne, K.A.D.I.
    Bentota is a famous tourist destination in Sri Lanka due to its ancient history, natural and cultural elements. Bentota is a beautiful village, located in the Galle district of the Southern province about 64km from South of Colombo. This area consists of natural attractions like very rare flora and fauna, a beautiful beach, famous Bentota river, cultural and archaeological attractions. The integrated facility in Bentota is an excellent model of sustainable tourism and a classic example of well planned development. Due to the unique features of the Bentota most of the stakeholders motivate to make tourism investments in this area. It is very important to state as to how tourism should be developed in a country, tourists to have a peaceful holiday, private sector to offer tourism facilities and local community to share tourism benefits. The post war scenario of Sri Lanka stimulates many aspects of the economy in particular. Among them Tourism and Hospitality industry is prominent. At the same time the perception of stakeholders is emphasized in the macro perspective as a strategy in strengthening the economy
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    The Empirical study on Potentials to Developing Rail Tourism in Sri Lanka - Evidence from Colombo – Badulla Railway Route
    (International Conference on Applied Social Statistics (ICASS) - 2019, Department of Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Fernando, N. F. B. T.; Madhusankha, W.A.I.; Samarasekara, E.A.S.I.
    Rail tourism is a niche tourism segment and activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for engage with Rail Tourism activities include short train rides, railroad park observations, museum visitations, and special events, such as rail fairs, festivals and days. Rail tourism provides potential economic benefits as a means of business and heritage identity (Philip, case study of Rail Tourism, 2012). Current situation of tourism in Sri Lanka is not much focused on rail tourism sector and there were no statistical data or annual reports with responsible authority to indicate on international tourists who are travel using train. But according to the Ministry of Transport “Sri Lankan tourism industry is booming and can achieve higher revenue through the promotion of railroad tourism, if developed and market appropriately” (Sri Lanka by rail Article, 2012).