ARS - 2007
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Item The Executive Presidency and the Seventeenth Amendment(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2007) Mudalige, PriyanthaJ. R. Jayawardene and his United National Party (UNP) were able to get five upon six majority at the general election held in July 1977. According to the prevailing constitution, Mr. Jayawardene was elected as the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. In 1978 he brought an amendment to the existing 1972 first republic constitution of Sri Lanka. With the amendment he introduced the executive presidency. In the same year he and his party brought another amendment to repeal the 1972 constitution and introduced a new constitution which is a combination of presidential government system and Westminster Government system. Therefore this constitution is <;:onsidered as a dual executive system. The dual executive contains the president and the cabinet. Therefore we can say that both the president and the cabinet have a great responsibility in maintaining the government system. The President is chosen from a presidential election and he plays the main role in the government . The Prime Minister is appointed by the president. The Prime Minister and the cabinet have to support the president in all terms. According to the constitution 1978 in article 4 (b) the executive power of people, including the defence of Sri Lanka, shall be exercised by the president of the republic elected by the people. In article 43 (I) there shall be a cabinet of ministers charged with the direction and control of the government of the republic which shall be collectively responsible and answerable to parliament. In article 43 (3) the president shall appoint as Prime Minister the member of parliament who in his opinions is most likely to command the confidence of parliament. According to the above mentioned factors the executive president of Sri Lanka has a great power in ruling the country. There is a criticism that the power of the president has exceeded the judicial and legislative power and therefore many have suggested to eliminate the executive presidency or to reduce and control the power of the president. In this regard an important legislative action took place in October 200l.That was the unanimous approval of the seventeenth amendment of the 1978 constitution. By this amendment a constitutional council was established and as a result of this the judicial service and the public service have been able to be saved from politicalization. Because 6f thi�� amendment the monopolistic power of the president of appointing higher officials of state is controlled. As we all know the seventeenth amendment was brought with the intention of reducing the executive power of the president. However by considering the current situation, It is necessary to inquiry whether the seventeenth amendment was successful or not. Secondary data was collected through the constitution amendments of constitution and other related acts and literature .Also particular attention is given to qualitative methodology.Item Contribution of Community Based Water Supply and Sanitation Projecton 1-1 uman Development (A Case Study in Udugoda Water Supply and Sanitation Project)(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Waniganeththi, W.V.W.G.Human development is to expand the ability of enjoying a healthy life giving opportunity to acquire knov .. lcdgc and increase the access a higher life style. i\ water supply and sanitation f~Kility at a standard level is vital in human development in a community. According to the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations, the main target is to minimize the population who could not have access good quality drinking water by year 2015 with the help of national level strategies of sustainable development. Conventionally, water supply project have been large scale capital intensive and mostly state sponsored "The community based water supply and sanitation project" is one such project implemented to provide optimum water supply and sanitary facilities of rural community of Sri Lanka. The structure of this project consists of a community activity. education programme, and sanitary programme. ;\ community based water supply and sanitation project is being operated at 351/ A. Udugoda Grama Niladhari Di\ision as one of the eighteen projects implemented by Attanagalle Divisional Secretariat Division. Udugoda village community has been experiencing a problem of shortage of water since the village is facing a scarcity of water even during a short dry season. They have been experiencing different health and sanitary needs when they were trying to satisfy these needs in informal ways. The objectives of this study was to identify the health and sanitary problems of rural people, to identify the quantitative and qualitative problems relating to supply of water , to study the project's contribution by giving sustainable water supply and sanitary facilities towards upgrading the healthiness of rural people. The methodology was purposive sampling and data were collected through questionnaires. interviews and observations. Building a community hall and conducting programme of good health and sanitary practices have been done under the community activity and the hygiene programmes respectively. Under sanitary progrmamc, toilets facilities arc supplied for the families who did not have toilet facilities and community based water supply programme supplied a sustainable tap water by using people's resources and creativity and transfer the ownership and maintenance of the water supply project to the people themselves. The project provided them with safe drinking water, which helps to reduce water borne diseases. This was the substantial contribution towards the human development.Item ශ්රී ලංකාවේ ක්රිස්තියානි ලබ්ධිකයන්ගේ කාලීන සහ අවකාශීය ව්යාප්තිය(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Fernando, W.W.N.Item A Study of the Moral Issues in the Process of Prescribing Western Medicine in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Gunasekara, W.S.S.Ethics refers to a series of moral principles. The main aim of this paper is to discuss ethics in relations to the medical profession. Medical ethics has become a controversial and much debated topic in the present day. Not only the medical field, there are other fields too which involve ethical, issues. This is referred to as professional ethics. There have even been steps to legalise professional ethics in order to maintain a high standard of professionalism and discipline, thereby protecting the rights ofthe consumer as well. The medical practice is essentially patient oriented, here the patient-doctor relationship is important. The future of the medical field therefore greatly depends on the state of this relationship. The main aim of a doctor is to cure his patients. Therefore drugs are essential to cure or save the life of the patient. There is a standard regulation concerning the prescription of drugs to patients which must be followed by medical personnel. The prescription should contain the date, name of the patient, age and other details of the patient as well as the name of the drugs, dosage, doctm's seal and signature. When prescribing the dmgs, the doctor should be honest enough to do so by using the generic name of that dmg. Unfortunately however, most doctors only mention the drug by its brand name. Therefore this presents us with a serious moral and ethical dilemma. Stastics show the pharmaceutical industry is the second largest profit making industry in the world. It is increasingly apparent that pharmaceutical companies market medicines which have identical medical properties, yet are different in price, colour, shape and size, taste and packaging to the unsuspecting patient who is the victim, of "respected" doctors. Hence we see that this has become a very controversial issue in the debates of present day philosophers as well as medical paction.Item Evolution of the Compulsory Service System (Rajakariya) in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Lowe, W.N.S.In ancient Sinhalese society, a citizen had to contribute some service to the king. The system was called the system of rajakariya or the compulsory service system. It was accepted that the king was the owner of all land. Agriculture was the base of the economy in the country. Peo!Jle got lands from the king for cultivation. In return for the lands they used, people performed a compulsory service to the king. The compulsory service system was based on the caste system and land tenure system. The Portuguese came to Sri Lanka in 1505. When the Portuguese ruled the Maritime areas they used ancient traditions, customs and laws for the administration of the areas under them. The compulsory service system was used by them for their benefit. At first they wanted to develop their economy and spread their religion. Because of these aims compulsory service was very important to the Pmiuguese. Compulsory service system depended on responsibilities and duties. Coastal areas of Sri Lanka were captured by the Dutch by 1658. They ruled these areas till 1796.Compulsory service system collapsed during this period. _According to their view, people were landholders in the country. Because of this, the Dutch used the compulsory service for the success of their economic and administrative sectors. It was especially used by them, for the benefit of the VOC. The British came to Sri Lanka in 1796 and at the beginning of their rule they accepted the compulsory service system. They used it to complete their mission in Sri Lanka. However the aim of the British was to build a commercial economic system. But the compulsory service system was a barrier in fulfilling that objective. Hence, in 1833, the Colebrooke - Cameron Commission proposed to abolish the compulsory service system and the British government accepted the proposal.Item Collection Development Policies in the University Libraries in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Fernando, W.C.S.All Library Services are collection based. Libraries cannot exist without collections. Collection of materials that record human thought by libraries can be defined as library collections. Since the library is a growing organism it is inevitable that all types of libraries should engage in the development of their collections. University libraries are considered to be central to the entire education and research activities of universities. Therefore the careful developed collections that satisfy the user needs are essential to university libraries. The present study is an investigation of the collection development policies of the university library in Sri Lanka. Thoughtfully prepared policy framework is a must in order to develop a balanced and effective collection in a university library. Fifteen university libraries except those in north and east have been selected for the study. Data gathering was mainly done by using questionnaire method. Questionnaire was targeted at finding out the collection development policy of each library. It was found that no university library examined under the survey had written collection development policy, other than traditional norms used in book selection. As a result the collection were not balanced and unable to satisfy user needs satisfactorily. Unnecessary duplication, unused materials, lack of needy recourses, frustration of users, inefficiency delivering information services were seen a direct results of the absence of proper collection development policy. It is suggested that each university library in Sri Lanka should formulate a collection development policy in consultation with relevant stakeholders within the university as well an outside the university. Such a policy must be a written document and should under go periodical revisions to reflect the changes in education and research activities of the university. Collections developed on such a policy could only deliver the maximum benefit to the clientele.Item A Study on Displaced People Due to Road Development Projects and its Impact on their Poverty Level (With Reference to Southern Highway Project)(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Dharmasena, W.A.H.N.Poverty creates many social problems and it directly affects the development process of a country. Road development is considered as one of the strategies of the development process. The aim of this study was to identify how the acquisition of lands, resettlement and road development influenced the peoples economy. This research alsd intended to evaluate the socio - economic status of the affected people. This study has compared the socioeconomic conditions of affected people before and after the development project. Functional method, survey method, and comparative method were used as research methods of this study. Questionnaires, interviews and observations were the data collecting techniques. 10,296 lands of 22 divisional secretariats have been used for the Southern Highway project. 25 families residingat Prembrok estate, Rusiru Uyana and Dorsont estate Sathutu Uyana of Dodamgoda divisional secretariat were taken as sample of this study. Loss of land ownership has been badly affected on social economic status of people. People who were in higher social economic positions before the road development project were affected mostly by the road development project. Bribery and corruptions , that had been taken place at the time of payment of compensations, has deprived the lawful owner of the land, their legitimate claims. Even the people who received their dues properly were not able to utilized the compensations properly thereby aggravating their poor economic state.Item Media Policy and Sri Lankan Television Media (A study of media policy in the Pre- Television era)(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Rupasinghe, W.Formation of media and its policy of Sri Lanka was started during the first half of the 19th century. Some of these were discussed at the British parliament and issued as orders of the Governor General .The Policies related to media like Film, Radio and Newspaper were discussed during the debates of the media related acts in parliament as well as the commissions appointed by the government from time to time. Television media was introduced to Sri Lanka at the end of the 70's. But the policy matters which related in starting a television media in Sri Lanka were discussed in various occasions in over three decades of its inception. In those discussions issues of the media and its strengths and weaknesses and its effects to the other mass media were concerned. This study focuses on policy matters which discussed before the established of the television media. For this study the reports of the media commissions, Parliamentary debates and seminar papers were used as sources. The conclusion was the medium of television was established without reviewing this media policy which was discussed before.Item Doping in Sport(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Alahakoon, T.D.Doping, the use of drugs to enhance sporting 'performance has occurred throughout history and has b~en responsible not only for some improved sporting performances, but also unhealthy side effects and even the deaths of athletes. Due to health and ethical reasons in 1967 the International Olympic Committee(IOC) agreed to ban and restricts certain substances and methods which could be used in the attempt to enhance performance. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of a range of issues regarding the use of drugs: I. The detection of types of drugs are used by athletes to improve performance II. Banned substances and methods by the International . Olympic Committee Ill. Reliability of drug tests. Although this study is supplemented with the data colleted froin secondary sources, doping in sport is essentially an underground activity with little formal published research. Some athletes will always try to seek some extra competitive advantage. Therefore, Drug taking can't be stopped. Drug taking can be controlled only if detection is likely and the penalties of detection are a sufficient deterrentItem Protection for Sri Lankan Female Domestic Workers to Middle East (Special Reference to Sri Lanka Bureau of Foreign Employment)(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Gunasekara, S.N.Migration between nations is a phenomenon with a long history. Increased participation of females as domestic workers is a significant change in the labour market in the Middle East. With this new trend Sri Lankan women have become both home makers and breadwinner. Remittances are used as a key strategy for poverty reduction. Earnings of female migrants which is the second largest source of external revenue after garment industry have contributed towards enhancement ofthe balance ofthe payment of the country. Further in 2005, female domestic workers in the Middle East sent home 108, 900 million rupee out of total private remittances of 191,800 In such a context, number of deaths and violation of human rights in the host country and difficulties in the migration process from the beginning of the foreign employment to its premature or mature completion is a frequent subject of debate. Furthermore it's a commonly observed that hired domestic women under kafala or sponsorship system are extremely vulnerable to exploitation and abusive conditions. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Protection of Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families were adopted by the United Nations in order to bind the states with international law. Thus the objective of the study is to examine the policy implications that contribute in protecting women migrants especially through the Sri Lanka Bureau of Foreign Employment. The methodology of the study is composed of both qualitative and quantitative methods. In addition the survey applied stratified random sampling method in selecting the sample that comprised a group of migrated and prospective migrant women. Most of the migrant women are dissatisfied with the role of the initiatives taken by the responsible institutions and they don't have adequate knowledge of protection extended by international organizations. The paper concludes that the protection given by national and international level is not adequate and should be strengthened more urgently.