ISSRS 2019

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    Finding the Actual Reasons for Terrorism in the Middle East
    (Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Kaushalya, E.K.Jayani
    Terrorism is the use of violence and intimidation, particularly against civilians, to make a concern in a very population and to bring forth a specific political objective. There are 15 countries in the Middle East region. The phenomenon of terrorism is not new to the Middle East region. The Middle East region is the birthplace of many terrorist organizations. Hezbollah, Al-Qaeda, Hamas, ISIS and the Taliban are the main terrorist groups which are implementing their terrorist activities in the Middle East region. The form and source of such terrorist activities in the Middle East have varied. The most dangerous component during this geographical region, terrorist threat is that the state‐ sponsored activities of the Middle East nations such as Iran, Libya, Syria, and Iraq. This study shows that the political exclusion and repression of the Islamist movements, political instability and religious extremism have contributed to the adoption of terrorist activities in the Middle East. The main objective of this study is to identify the real reasons for terrorism in the Middle East. The methodology that has followed in the study is qualitative in nature while only based on secondary sources of data like books, journal articles, reports, institutional and official documents. The findings of the study demonstrate that the real reasons for terrorism in the Middle East created reasons or not? To resolve this critical dilemma in the Middle East is essential for policies to be effective and promote democracy. And this will strengthen the relationships between the Middle East countries and the world.
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    Ideology and US Foreign Policy: Foreign Policy under George W. Bush
    (Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Perera, G.K.G.H.
    The terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre changed United States of America’s National Security Strategy from deterrence and containment to pre-emption. This new strategy of combating new security challenges, allows them the opportunity to secure US against countries that harbour or give aid to terrorist groups pre-emptively. The Bush Doctrine of pre-emption as formulated in the National Security Strategy (NSS) after the 9/11 attack goes beyond narrow principle pre-emption, but reserves the right to US to attack pre-emptively even without a definite and imminent threat. The war in Iraq is most bothersome in the implementation of the doctrine. Customary international law permits pre-emptive self-defence only when a threat is so grave and imminent. In spite of this, the Bush Doctrine of pre-emption calls for anticipatory self-defence against international law as a way of fighting terrorist group and havens of terrorism. However, the doctrine has encouraged attacks on less powerful nations by more powerful nations, spread of terrorists groups, and emergence of insurgencies and proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction across national borders. This study therefore seeks to find whether Bush Doctrine promoted democracy or pursued hegemonic position in the Middle-East region. The research will be a descriptive analysis. It utilizes qualitative data gathered from secondary sources such as scholarly articles, magazines, newspapers, books published by local and international authors. Strategic and ideological interests are quantified utilizing content analysis data collected from foreign policy speeches that President George W. Bush delivered from September 11, 2001 to March 19, 2003. The data and speeches are evaluated to classify the Bush strategy as realist, liberal or neoconservative and to determine whether the Bush Doctrine represents change or continuity in US foreign policy.
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    Comparative Analysis between the Foreign Policy of Sirimavo Bandaranaike and J. R. Jayawardhana: Special Reference to South Asia
    (Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Fernando, U.G.G.
    Foreign policy encompasses the tactics and process by which a nation interacts with other nations in order to further its interests. Political parties form the basis for the views of political leaders in the states. This study is mainly focused on the foreign policy of Sri Lanka in South Asia under Sirimavo Bandaranaike and J. R. Jayawardhana. The study will discuss similarities and differences under two different leaderships. To achieve aforesaid objectives, qualitative approach has been used and secondary data is the main type of data obtained from various sources such as books, journal articles, newspapers and other relevant documents available in both printed and electronic versions. Through the study, it has been identified that during the period of Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lanka attempted to balance East-West interests and maintain neutrality. The Sirima-Shasthri pact in 1964 which is known as the Republic of India and the Dominion of Ceylon which focused on the citizenship of workers of Indian Origin in Ceylon was a significant incident at that time. On the other hand, J.R. Jayawardhana’s foreign policy was aligned with the West. But the establishment of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) can be considered as a mean J.R Jayawardhana utilized to diversify his foreign policy refocusing his attention to regionalism. The 1987 Indo-Sri Lanka Accord was a mile stone in the relations between India and Sri Lanka, which led to the amendment of Sri Lankan constitution. However, both leaders were careful to maintain good neighborly relations with India without antagonize it.
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    BREXIT: Economic Implications for Sri Lanka and the Way Forward
    (Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Wisidagama, W.D.D.Shevoni
    The European Union (EU) is the largest trading block in the world, accounting for around one third of global trade. Therefore, when the United Kingdom (UK) voted to leave the European Union in 2016 referendum, it presented significant implications to the economy of the rest of the world. Sri Lanka shares strong trade relations with the EU compared to other trading blocs in the world and the involvement of Sri Lanka with the UK is considerably higher than its involvement with any other EU country, annual trade with the UK amounting to over ten percent. Hence, it is evident that Brexit would bring about changes to trade relations Sri Lanka enjoys with the UK at present. Thus, this study aims to examine the challenges that Sri Lanka might encounter in the post Brexit context by analysing the current relations between Sri Lanka and the UK and the Brexit process. Further, the study explores the changes that should be made to the current trade policies of Sri Lanka to strengthen its trade relations with the UK. The methodology of this study includes qualitative methods which gathered statistical data from secondary sources to calculate the impact of Brexit on trade relations between Sri Lanka and the UK. The findings of this study illustrate that Brexit could prompt a drop in demand for Sri Lankan goods in the UK post Brexit and that there could be changes in tariff access to the UK, reducing Sri Lankan exports to the UK. The study identifies that Brexit negatively impacts the economy of Sri Lanka and suggests making policy changes to strengthen economic relations of Sri Lanka with the UK to overcome post Brexit challenges.
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    Syrian Civil War: Considering Two Centric Dimensions (Domestic and Regional)
    (Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) De Silva, M.W.A.N.Madhubhani
    The ongoing Syrian Conflict has been subjected to considerable amount of political debate. In some cases, any change in the political structure of the conflict affected state will influence the balance of power not only in the state but also in the regional arena. The war in Syria initially was an intra-state conflict between the Syrian government and internal armed rebel groups. The Syrian government has always wanted to suppress the rebel groups to raze any secession tendencies, while the rebel groups have sought to challenge the military dictatorship rule of the government and to overthrow the regime. However, the intra-state conflict in Syria escalated into an internationalized intra-state conflict when regional and global powers split into pro and anti-Assad blocs and inserted themselves into the conflict. This research examines some theories of intrastate conflict and civil wars, while concentrating on the domestic character of internal conflicts within states, transnational theories focus on external factors in examining intrastate conflicts. Objectives of the study include explaining main reasons for the Syrian conflict and advancing the role of domestic and regional actors directing in this conflict. Through qualitative methodology this research conducts an in-depth case study of the current crisis and war in Syria. It utilizes the qualitative data gathered from secondary data. This research concludes highlighting complexity of Syrian conflict with the implications of the most relevant fighting parties in domestic level and finding a resolution for such internal conflict would be more difficult due to the considerable amount of stakes which are involved in the regional level. Finally this study seeks to fill the gap in the transnational theories of conflict and civil war which fails to fully examine the role of regional actors in directing a domestic conflict and civil war.
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    The Foreign Policy of President Gotabaya Rajapaksa
    (Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Chamathka, I.W.P.
    Subsequent to the extremist suicide bombing on Easter Sunday 2019, national security became the key priority in Sri Lanka. In the meantime, Gotabaya Rajapaksa, former Defense Secretary and the Secretary of the Urban Development Authority, was elected as the seventh Executive President of Sri Lanka. Majority feared that Sri Lanka would lose its sovereignty by signing the Millennium Challenge Corporation agreement during the presidential election campaign Thus, Gotabaya Rajapaksa should pay close attention to the implementation of his foreign policy. Accordingly, this research will look at what are the potential challenges to the implementation of his foreign policy. However, as stated in his manifesto, it has been pledged to choose Sri Lanka as the basis of a friendly, non-aligned foreign policy. He has emphasized that he is committed to safeguarding Sri Lanka's sovereignty by making direct decisions and not by favoring powerful states. It is further stated that regional countries have friendly relations with SAARC countries and BIMSTEC countries to obtain investment in developing Sri Lanka. The research is based on both primary and secondary data and the policy statement of Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna. It depends on both qualitative and quantitative data. The research problem of this research is whether the non-aligned as stated in the policy statement will achieve national security and development in Sri Lanka. This research will be explained in detail what method he uses and how he deals with foreigners. This research is primarily used to analyze the image in the minority communities towards Gotabaya Rajapaksa. It is highlighted in the North-East election results. The main challenge facing him is the resettlement of the war displaced and what will happen to MCC. He also stated that the 99 years Hambantota port lease was a mistake made by the previous government and that he intends to renegotiate with China. The Geneva Human Rights Council and the Tamil Diaspora are key factors in his foreign policy making. He visited to India for two days on his maiden voyage, while protesting a pro-LTTE group called Vaiko.
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    India’s Foreign Policy towards Sri Lanka during President Mahinda Rajapaksa’s Regime
    (Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Munasinghe, DilminiDilmini
    Foreign policy of India has always been focusing on the behaviour of her neighbours in South Asia. India and Sri Lanka have maintained mutual relations over the years, especially due to their geographical proximity. Mahinda Rajapaksa’s regime is considered important as Civil War which prevailed around three decades of time in Sri Lanka was ended during his time India has also paid their frequent attention to that. Mahinda Rajapaksa’s regime, from 2005 to 2014 is characterized by the element of civil war. India paid its attention to Sri Lanka in their foreign policy, especially during the post-war period. India’s foreign policy and behaviour during the time of President Mahinda Rajapaksa had influenced Sri Lanka in a variety of aspects, yet the political impact seems to be the most significant. Hence, the purpose of the study is to analyse the political impact of India’s foreign policy on Sri Lanka during Mahinda Rajapaksa’s regime. Concerning the methodology, qualitative methods were applied for the analysis whereas secondary data collected from previous books and researches were used. The study reveals that one of the most visible impacts which India’s foreign policy had on Sri Lanka during that time is that Sri Lanka being inclined towards China deviating from her immediate neighbour India. The study concludes that India’s foreign policy towards Sri Lanka during the tenure of Mahinda Rajapaksa had negative effects on the Indo-Sri Lanka relations.
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    Terrorism as a Cause of Instability in Iraq: With Special Reference to ISIS during the 2010-2015 Period
    (Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Karunaseena, H.P.Sasanka Nadeeshani
    Since the Second World War the Arab states of the Middle East and North Africa have undergone a series of socio-political and economic difficulties. Middle East has become increasingly affected by the economic crisis in the west, collapse of the Kuwaiti stock exchange in 1982 and falling oil prices in the mid- 1980s. Some important developments have taken place in the Arab Middle East in 1986. On the other hand, agricultural production and productivity has declined in all Arab countries. There have been major changes in the Arab world and Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states became major forces in the region. Iraq had some wars, conflicts because of many reasons. In 2004, the organization known as ‘al Qaeda in Iraq’. The US invasion of Iraq began in 2003, and purpose is to remove western occupation and replace it with a Sunni Islamist regime. ISIS is a world largest terrorist group in the world and control large areas of the Middle East. ISIS emerged as not just the most ruthless of the Sunni jihadist organizations in Iraq and Syria it is also the most successful. There are main objectives of this research. They are, to identify the impact of ISIS in Iraq, to discuss the involvement of intervention from neighboring countries to the terrorist activities of ISIS in Iraq, and to ascertain the ISIS’s deep impact on Iraq. The research will be descriptive documentary analysis. It utilizes the qualitative data gathered from relevant books, journals, articles, on the topics of Iraq ISIS, terrorism, Iraq instability. The finding of this research is, terrorism is a cause of instability in Iraq. This paper concludes that, how terrorism affect the instability in Iraq within 2010 to 2015 time period.
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    India-China Dynamic Political Relationship and its Impact to the World Politics
    (Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Swarnamali, H.G.M.
    India and china are playing a key role in the new international world order. They are creating a new political system through the use of their strategy in the Asian region. As a result many Asian countries have an influence on them. Chinas new political image is building a new political relationship between mutually beneficial countries, including India. Yet India is trying to reduce China’s expansion of power in the region. The far reaching development in china and the global political power of India has also enhanced the importance of their bilateral relationship. These two countries are coming up against each other across Asia and its surrounding waters. In recent years, china has been using its soft power and increasing its energy. There is however, a significant relationship, because both have major forces at present. This paper explore in particular India and China’s complex political relationship. Seek also to understand the complexities of the geopolitics of the both countries. This research will be performed with the use of secondary data. Secondary data will be used as primary data. This data were evaluated on the basis of grounded theory. At the end, this paper could provide big implications for both countries and its potential usefulness in South Asia. Study suggest that China and India will play a great underworld game to stabilize their power.
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    The Impact of Brexit for the Trade Relations between the UK and USA
    (Department of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2019) Siriwardana, B.I.A.
    Brexit is non-binding political declaration which explains the nature of future relations between the UK and EU. The process of leaving the EU formally began on March 29, 2017, when May triggered Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. The USA is the main overseas investment and the main single country export market for UK business. The UK and USA had its own bilateral trade relations worked through the EU. The day after the Brexit vote, currency markets were in turmoil and the values of Euro and Pound were decreased. Those increased the value of the dollar. That strength is not good for U.S. stock markets. It makes American shares more expensive for foreign investors. Many US firms have opened subsidiaries elsewhere in Europe to protect against a hard Brexit or no deal. This research mainly focuses on the determination of the impact of Britain’s European flee be affected by British and American trading. Through that the future relationship between Brexit and trading, and the practical applications for developing trading between the UK and the USA are going to be discussed. Journals, textbooks, newspaper articles have been utilized to gather important data as a secondary source of data to pursue this research. The methodology of this study is qualitative and quantitative methods are also used to emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected. US companies across a broad variety of industries have produced large investment in the United Kingdom. In fact, American companies have viewed Britain as a strategic gateway to other countries in the European Union. Brexit will jeopardize many strategically aligned companies, affiliate income and inventory prices with the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the research is conducted to determine the impact of the affect the economy if the US refuses to trade with British. These studies are concluded to identify the impact of Brexit towards the economic status of UK and USA.