IPRC - 2016

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/157

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    A Cosmological Model for the Inflationary Universe (Using New Boundary Conditions).
    (Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2016) Vithanage, G.V.R.K.; Katugampala, K.D.W.J.
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    Simple and Short Proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem for n=7.
    (Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Dahanayaka, S.D.; Ekanayake, E.M.P.; Piyadasa, R.A.D.
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    The Simplest Proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem.
    (Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Piyadasa, R.A.D.; Vithanage, G.V.R.K.
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    Practices of Yoga in cardiovascular health
    (Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Karunaratne, H.K.B.M.S.
    Every year a large number of people die due to the complications of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, heart attack, stroke, aneurysm, peripheral artery disease and sudden cardiac arrest. Healthy eating, meditation and exercise are recommended lifestyle choices to prevent and reverse heart disease (American Heart Association). Increased blood pressure and cholesterol levels are major causes for cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, suitable practices of Yoga are very important to avoid these two major causes and prevent from mental stress. This study was conducted as a literature survey based on Hatha Yoga Pradipika to investigate the suitable practices of Yoga in cardiovascular health (on prevention and cure). According to the findings of the present study, 72% of Yoga Asanas (Yogic postures), 62.5% of Pranayama (Yogic breathing) exercises, 66.66% of Shat Karmas (purification techniques in Yoga) and 40% of Mudras (gestures) adopted during Asana, Pranayama and meditation that directs flow of energy into human body) and Bandhas (techniques used in Hatha Yoga associated with the practice of Yogic exercises and Asanas including muscular lock) were beneficial in preventing as well as curing cardiovascular diseases. Siddhasana, Gomukasana, Padma Mayurasana, Vajrasana and Bhadrasana have special effects in maintaining a healthy cardio vascular system. Nadi Shodhana Pranayama (alternate nostril breathing), Surya Bhedana Pranayama (right nostril breathing) and Ujjayi (conqueror breath pose) were found to be examples for suitable breathing exercises. Shambhavi Mudra (eyebrow center gazing), Nasikagra Mudra (nose tip gazing) and Bhramari (humming bee) Mudra were found to be suitable practices for cardiovascular health according to the results of the present study.
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    Current scenario on import of plant-based Ayurvedic raw materials in Sri Lanka
    (Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Hansini, K.G.D.M.; Peiris, R.M.; Sakunthala, H.S.
    Sri Lanka is an island rich and flourishing in its natural resources with herbal, mineral and animal pharmaceuticals which are the main resources of the Ayurveda and indigenous systems of medicine. Since ancient period, plants have been playing an important role not only as therapeutic agents but also as contributors in healthcare system in Sri Lanka. Although Sri Lanka is identified as one of the most biologically diverse countries in Asia with about 20% of the area under forest, it is not capable of fulfilling its own requirement in manufacturing Ayurveda pharmaceuticals due to lack of raw materials. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the plant-based raw materials that are mainly imported despite their availability and cultivation potential in Sri Lanka. The information was gathered via visits, interviews with relevant institutions, individuals and statistics compiled with reference to published literature and a market survey was conducted following the collection of data. Overall findings of the survey revealed that the number of imported plant-based Ayurvedic raw materials without any tax was about 90. It is also revealed that nearly twenty commonly used plants among them which were highly potent to grow in Sri Lanka are also imported in large scale. It can be concluded that the proper cultivation of medicinal plants and value addition in processing chain, with mediation of responsible authorities can contribute to uplift health sector and retain foreign currency within the country as well.
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    A review on Pariḅāṣā Prakaraṇa with special reference to Rasaśāstra textbooks
    (Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Gunaratna, T.A.N.R.; Pathiraja, K.A.S.T.K.
    Pariḅāṣā or terminologies are the structured set of concepts and their designations in specific subject fields. The words, cryptic and ambiguous, can be better understood with the support of Pariḅāṣā. Rasavāgḅata in 13th century advocated to read and understand the Pariḅāṣā rendered by Acarya Somadeva to avoid errors while carrying out mercurial preparations. Although it enlightens the meaning of words, it is difficult to find all the terms used in Rasaśāstra in an individual book. Therefore, this review was carried out to identify the technical terms mentioned in Pariḅāṣā Prakaraṇa of Rasaśāstra textbooks and chronological evolution of terms since ancient era. Rasaśāstra textbooks available in library, Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute were taken for the study and the books without Pariḅāṣā Prakaraṇa were excluded. According to the results, there were twelve books which included Pariḅāṣā Prakaraṇa and they were related to Sangraha and Āḍunika Kāla of Rasaśāstra. A total of 172 terms are mentioned in those books. Percentage of 44 common words were above 50% and 25%-49% in 60 common words. Those terms can be categorized under actions, procedures, qualities and materials. Some books have used synonyms for several terms. Hence, it can be concluded that Rasaśāstra authors related to Āḍunika Kāla adopted Pariḅāṣā from the books related to Rasaśāstra Sangraha Kāla and most of the Pariḅāṣā terms are a combination of 4th and 9th chapters of Acarya Somadeva's Rasendrachudāmanī.
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    Usage of Ashta Kshēra in Shodhana Karma and medical preparations based on Carakasaṃhitā
    (Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Abeysooriya, S.R.; Nuwansiri, L.S.B.; Pathirana, K.P.M.P.
    Eight types of Kshēra mentioned in Carakasaṃhitā are called Ashta Kshēra. Milk of sheep, she-goat, cow, she-buffalo, she-camel, she-elephant, mare and women have been included under Ashta Kshēra. Their properties include madhura rasa, snighdha and shīta guna, vrunhana, prīnana, jēvanīya, Ojaskara, medhya, balya, manaskara and raktapittahara. Amlapitta, Gulma, Udara, Atīsāra, Vidvibhandha, Arsa and Krimi are common indications in Pāchana Vyuha. Pāndu, Shōtha, Dāha, Raktapitta in Raktasanvahana Vyuha and Ksīna, Kshata, Jwara, Rājayākshama, Unmāda, Apasmara, Kāsa, Shōsa, Yonīdosa, Shukradosa, Mutraroga, Vātaroga, and Vātapittavikāra include other indications. Data were collected according to medical preparations and shodhana karma of Ashtakshēra which are mentioned in Caraka Saṃhitā and analyzed with proper variations. Ashtakshēra (Ak) is used in Kashāya (kshērakashāya), Grita, Thaila, Rasāyana and Avaleha in different percentages. Ak contains 54.22% of grita, 21.68% of kashāya, 16.87% of thaila and 3.61% of rasāyana and avaleha. 97.78% of grita(s) contain cows’ milk (CM) and 2.22% of them contain goat’s milk (GM). CM contains 66.67% of Avaleha(s) and 33.33% of them contain GM. 100% of Kashāya(s), Thaila(s) and Rasāyana Preparations contain CM. Vamana, Virechana, Vasti and Nasya are the shodhana procedures which use Ak. Ak contains 56.67% of vasti(s), 16.67% of virechana(s), 13.33% of Nasya(s) and 3.33% of Vamana(s). CM is used in 85% of vasti(s) and GM is in 15% of them. 100% of nasya(s) virechana(s) and vamana(s) contain CM. In conclusion, cows’ milk is the ordinary type of kshēra used in shodhana karma and medical preparations. Other types of milk are used individually for several types of diseases. But they are not recommended for shodhana karma and medical preparations except CM and GM. Vasti and gritha are the predominant shodhana karma and medical preparation which uses Ashta Kshēra.
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    Characterization of a Dengue Positive Population in Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) Medical Officer of Health (MOH), Colombo
    (Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Lakmal, M.G.K.; Udayanga, N.W.B.A.L.; Gunathilaka, P.A.D.H.N.; Fernando, S.D.; Karunathilaka, K.; Abeyewickreme, W.
    Dengue that has caused 29,777 suspected infections in 2015 has emerged the most challenging health issue faced in Sri Lanka. Approximately 51% of dengue infections are reported from the Western Province. The susceptibility of a population to dengue is influenced by a combination of socio-economic, environmental and epidemiological factors. The current study was conducted to characterize a population of dengue patients residing in a high dengue risk area in terms of their socio-economic appearance. An interviewer administrated questionnaire was used to collect information on the socio-economic aspects of a group of 140 randomly selected dengue positive patients residing in Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) Medical Officer of Health (MOH) area. Out of 140, a majority (63.6%, n=89) were females, while the age groups of 31-40 and 21-30 years were recognized as the most susceptible age groups for dengue. High proportion of the patients (79.3%, n=111) were having an educational level below secondary school (O/L) with a total family income below 20,000 LKR (80.7%, n=113). All the homesteads were smaller (<5 perch) in size, with small roads for access (77.1%, n=108) and/or a footpath (22.9%, n=32) as the access route. Majority of the households (69.3%, n=97) were temporary with moderate conditions (51.4%, n=72), that were mainly utilized for both residential and commercial purposes (63.5%, n=89) at once. In a majority of households’ solid waste was disposed within 7 days (62.1%) via the Municipal Council or by keeping near the main roads (37.9%). Source separation of waste, home gardening and composting by the study population was minimal (n=137, 97.9%). Pipe water remained as the only water source while approximately 27.9% (n=39) households were lacking sanitary facilities. Use of mosquito coils and bed-nets were the most preferred mosquito biting prevention methods. Low educational level, income, poor living conditions and limitations in solid waste disposal methods were recognized as potential risk factors for high infection rates of dengue in this population. Special focus should be given to these key areas by the relevant vector controlling authorities in order to facilitate controlling of dengue outbreaks within the CMC area.
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    Eliminating female Aedes mosquitoes by spiking blood meals with toxicants as a sex separation method in the context of the sterile insect technique and Incompatible Insect Technique
    (Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Ranathunga, R.M.T.B.; Gunathilaka, P.A.D.H.N.; Udayanga, N.W.B.A.L.; Wijegunawardena, N.D.A.; Abeyewickreme, W.
    Ivermectin and spinosad have longevity reducing effects in several insect species, including disease transmitting mosquitoes after feeding blood contaminated with above toxicants on hosts. Therefore, this approach could play an enormous role in mosquito control operations by its use in the female elimination process during mass-rearing, enabling the release of only sterile males in the context of the sterile insect technique (SIT) and incompatible insect technique (IIT) with Wolbachia bacterium. Blood meals of cattle origin were spiked with diffeerenct concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ppm) of Ivermectin (Ivotec, 1% w/v) and Spinosad (Spinosyn, 12% w/v) and offered to a batch of adult Ae. aegypti (n = 300) and Ae. albopictus (n = 300) having 1:1 sex ratio in order to obtain an optimal dose for quick and total female elimination. After 24 hours all remaining females and males were aspirated out and transferred in to new cages separately. An additional blood meal with the initially fed concentrations of ivermectin and spinosad was provided after 24 hours, followed by a 48-hour observation of mortality. This experiment was repeated by feeding cattle blood containing a mixture of ivermectin and spinosad in 1:1 ratio from each concentration. Spiked blood with 8 ppm ivermectin and spinosad killed all the fed females of Ae aegypti and Ae. abopictus within 24 to 48 hours. It was observed that the number of fed females gradually increased, when decreasing the toxicity in combination of ivermectin and spinosad (1:1) in blood for both species. Male mortality did not show any significant differences during the study. Mixed feeding of blood with 8 ppm ivermectin and 8 ppm spinosad have shown as the viable treatment to eliminate female Ae aegypti and Ae. abopictus from laboratory colonies.
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    Prevalence of dengue vector breeding habitats among selected Schools in Gampaha District of Sri Lanka
    (Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Radhika, N.M.L.; Gunathilaka, P.A.D.H.N.; Kasturiratne, K.T.A.A.; Abeyewickreme, W.
    Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the vectors responsible for the transmission of dengue viruses in Sri Lanka. Gampaha District has been ranked as the second most Dengue affected area. Recently, health authorities have identified that over 54 percent of schools have dengue mosquito breeding sites. However, the entomological information on the dengue vectors in School premises are not available. Therefore, the present study was carried out to identify the different breeding sites of dengue vector mosquitoes within school premises of randomly selected schools in Gampaha District of Sri Lanka. The premises of the selected schools (n= 34) were surveyed from May to October in 2016 for the availability of potential breeding habitats and the presence of vector breeding through entomological surveys. Collected vectors were identified morphologically and categorized inn to species level. All data on breeding habitats and number of vectors identified were recorded. According to survey, out of 34 schools surveyed; infested water-holding containers by Ae. albopictus were observed at 16 schools (47, 05%). Tree holes (Bridelia retusa tree), leaf axils of banana tree and fallen leaves were observed as natural breeding sites while, discarded plastic food containers plastic paint containers, broken pet bottles, tire marks on the ground, water retaining flower pots and plastic barrels were observed as artificial breeding sites. Breeding of Ae. aegypti was not identified among the school premises surveyed. Improper management of solid waste has affected positively in creating suitable habitats for vector breeding. Therefore, continuous monitoring of dengue vector breeding habitats and school based vector controlling interventions should be implemented through proper awareness and active participation for eliminating breeding habitats.