Abstract:
The European expansion which commenced at the middle of the fifteenth century,
culminated with the discovery of America in the west and arrival of Vasco Da Gama in
Calicut on 27th May 1498. The discovery of the Portuguese, the sea route to the East
heralded a new era in the history of south and East Asia, where European expansion
followed changing the political economic, social and cultural map of the Asian countries.
A careful examination of local and Portuguese sources is necessary as these sources
are either bias or not contemporary. The indigenous sources such as Asgiriye Talpatha,
Rajavaliya, Maha Hatana, Sithawaka Hatana, Rajaratnakaraya, Alakeshwara, Yuddaya,
Mahawansa and various inscriptions and Sannas have to be carefully
analysed.Moreover the vast area of Portuguese sources, such as written by
Castenaeda, Diogo De Couto, Joao de Barros, Gaspar, Correa, Fernao de Queyroz and
Duarte Barbosa have to be carefully analysed. The Portuguese Thombu of 1614
although important has to be carefully examined.The first Portuguese national to come
to Calicut in Asia was not Vasco da Gama. He was Pedro da Covilha who left Lisbon in
1487, thorogh Cairo, Aden and arrived at Calicut in 1488. Although he never returned
back to Lisbon, settled down in Ethiopia and sent a report to the king of Portugal, In this
report he has informed the king to make Colombo the headquters, preferring to Cochin
and Calicut. This shows that Portuguese were aware of Colombo as early as 1490.
On 7th July 1497, Vasco Da Gama left Lisbon and reached the East African coast after a
sea journey. He bombarded Mombasa and Milindi in order to terrify the rulers, who
became friendly with the Portuguese. With the help of the best navigator,Ahmed Ibn
Majid he reached the west cost of India, the port of Calicut on 27th May 1498. The
Zamorin of Calicut received Vasco Da Gama cordially and came to an agreement.
The second voyage of Vasco Da Gama to the Indian Ocean introduced piracy, killing of
innocent people and destruction of property. The practice of establishing “padraos” or
commemorative stones in the places that the Portuguese first visited is important to
ascertain to a large extent the date of their discovering countries and places.
Accordingly, in Congo, Brazil, Cape of Good Hope, Mombasa and Milinde, they erected
the padrao on stone or across on a pillar to signify their arrival. Faria de Souza states
that till 1484, the custom was to set up wooden crosses in all the discoveries. Thereafter,
the padrao was made of stone.
