A GLIMPSE OF MINDFULNESS: A DESK-BASED COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BUDDHIST ORIGINS AND MODERN APPLICATIONS

Abstract

Background: Mindfulness has radically transformed from its classical Buddhist foundations to its widespread adaptation in contemporary therapeutic practices. Originating in early Buddhist teachings, mindfulness (sati) is portrayed not merely as present-moment awareness but as an integral component of the ethical and liberating path toward Nibbana. However, contemporary mindfulness-based interventions often emphasize symptom reduction, emotional regulation, and psychological well-being, abstracting them from their original ethical and soteriological contexts. Objectives: The objectives of this paper are to present a comparative review exploring the historical development, philosophical frameworks, and evolving applications of mindfulness. Methods: This study employs a qualitative method, drawing extensively on secondary sources, including Buddhist and contemporary psychological literature. A critical comparative analysis is conducted to examine the theoretical foundations, ethical frameworks, and practical implementations of mindfulness across classical Buddhist and modern therapeutic contexts. The analysis is interpretive and thematic, focusing on philosophical coherence, contextual adaptation, and socio-cultural implications. Results: The study demonstrates significant divergences between traditional Buddhist mindfulness and contemporary mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). While Buddhist mindfulness is ethically grounded and oriented toward liberation (Nibbana), modern MBIs often prioritize psychological benefits, stripped of ethical context. However, mindfulness shows proven therapeutic value, but its secularization and commercialization risk conceptual distortion and potential harm, especially when applied without ethical or clinical safeguards. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for a more integrative approach to mindfulness that respects its ethical and philosophical foundations while adapting to contemporary therapeutic applications. It calls for more precise distinctions between Buddhist, spiritualized, and clinical mindfulness to ensure responsible practice and meaningful application.