International Postgraduate Research Conference (IPRC)
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Item Sri Lankan Women and Sexual Harassments at Workplaces: In Search of Law Reforms(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Pathiraja, P.M.A.S.Greater participation of women in employment is a common practice in 21st century and it is important for their economic maintenance and sustainability. In the era of rights based approach, the right to work is an essential right of every person and it was noticed that the women are the most vulnerable group of victims under sexual harassment at workplaces. Sexual Harassment generally refers to any act (physical, verbal, gestural, visual, tacit or written) that inflicts physical, mental or other harm or annoyance based on another person’s gender and/or sexuality and it can be recognized as a violation of human rights and human dignity, which undermines the equal opportunities and treatment between men and women. In the domestic scenario, workplace sexual Harassment often goes unreported and women employees who experience the sexual harassment has failed to report the harassing behavior or to file a complaint because of the social or professional retaliation. According to the reported statistics, throughout the last two decades Sri Lanka has been experiencing high rate of increasing incidents regarding the sexual harassments towards the women at workplaces regardless of their social, economic or educational position. The problems at workplace, discourage women to continue working and it has become a significant threat to the working women in Sri Lanka. Accordingly, this paper aims to discuss the problem of protecting women from sexual harassments at workplaces by exploring the inadequacy of laws available in Sri Lanka in terms of both domestic and international obligations and set a policy framework for establishing a legal, institutional and social infrastructure by analyzing the effectiveness of existing laws and regulations. This research will mainly follow a qualitative research method based on a literature review and carried out by the reference of primary and secondary sources. Furthermore, the research was enhanced with the data collected through the interviews with State Department and relevant stakeholders in relation to protect women from sexual harassment at workplace. Amending the provisions of some existing legislations, making the employer vicariously liable for sexual harassment occur in workplaces, adopting relevant International Labour Organization (ILO) standards to domestic laws and public awareness are some recommendations on this matter. Moreover, this research examines successful lessons from India for the purpose of analysing the inadequacy of existing laws in Sri Lanka and offers suggestions to enhance prevailing legal framework to protect women from sexual harassments at workplaces in Sri LankaItem A Comparative Study of United Nation’s CEDAW with Reference to the Buddhist Teachings(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Subhagya, K.During many decades’ women and girl children are made to face tremendously challenging situations. In this eras have made available to the world such development in economics, scientific and technological fields that no period in the history has ever seen. But in the achievement of this material prosperity, human dignity and values are left at stake distancing them from people. In the course of this transition we have lost the traditional safety, respect we had for women and children. CEDAW - Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women is established by the United Nation in 1979 to protect the women from around the world. CEDAW is committed to reaffirming faith in fundamental human rights, committing to the dignity and worth of the human person, Recognizing and accepting the equal rights of men and women, spells out the meaning of equality and how equality can be achieved and set out an agenda for action for countries to guarantee rights of women. Presently there are more than 104 members in this committee and working against for women all forms of discriminations. Even though this was realized by the Europeans after 1948, 2500 years ago the Buddha established the women freedom in respectable level. Buddhist teachings of human rights are full of eternal values. The concept of human rights is universal. The teachings which the Enlightened One had advanced in this regard were practically confirmed and proved meaningful through the action of society which comprises according to Buddhist thought the four groups Bhikkhu, Bhikkunī, upāsaka and upāsikā. The Buddha established women freedom in India by opening gate to become Bhikkunīs. Buddha always tried to establish the women’s rights in the contemporary society. But there were some occasions Buddha also criticized women’s weaknesses. However always Buddha tried to give the proper place that women should be given. There is a great example in the Dhītu sutta, S.N. In this sutta the Buddha advice to the king Kosala as some women would in their perfected feminine role, even excel men. Offering highest places in Bhikkunī order as well as Bhikku order is a good example for the gender equality. There are many suttas in sutta Piţaka which the Buddha has discuss about the women. Buddha never condemns or let down women and if there are weaknesses of them those weaknesses were shown. Therefore, Teravāda Buddhism can be considered as a religion which never provides a low state to the women and according to the world history this is the first religion which establishes women freedom in the societyItem Inclusion and Exclusion of Girls and Women in Armed Conflict of Sri Lanka(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Galagama, I.K.The women and girls’ participation in armed conflict is common and women have been playing in war and conflict as revolts, independence struggles, and war in many countries. Feminism centers on the idea that all women are oppressed by virtue of their gender. However, this does not necessarily imply that all women will be oppressed in the same way or that the origins of their oppression are the same. The main objective of the research was to examine specific effects of armed conflict with special reference to Sri Lanka. The specific objectives were, to determine the gendered impact of forced displacement in armed conflict, to examine the change in gender relations in armed conflict, and to discover which armed conflict increased gender based violence. The research being carried out implementing both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, informed by secondary literature. Secondary data will be solicited from books from the libraries, articles from the internet and journals and documentations on armed conflict on women and children. The finding revealed that sexual and gender based violence denies women security, the right to enjoy and forces them into subordinate positions compared to men. Moreover, forced migration is caused by armed conflict and has become common in the under developing countries like Sri Lanka. Nevertheless, finding shows that women become vulnerable to physical and to all forms of gender violence. As a conclusion, women and war have been challenged here because they ignore the active roles women have played in supporting conflict, both in combat and in acts of violence against civilian populations. Moreover, it is too narrowed to limit women as victims and men as warriors. Why because women play both roles in conflict situation supporting roles like intelligence, logistics, food, nursing as well as combat, bombing and suicide missions. However, there are reasons why women become a part of war. The reasons are various and majors are formed recruitment, oppression, and being valued in the society. Moreover, it is being found that same as men, women also share same danger and insecurity specifically being vulnerable and also sexual exploitation. Nevertheless, there are both physical and psychological effect faced by women during and after the war. Besides, it is obvious that women are not inherently peaceful and men are not inherently violenceItem A Study Based on Livelihood Aspects of Conflict Affected Women(In: Proceedings of the International Postgraduate Research Conference 2017 (IPRC – 2017), Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Peiris, M.J.D.The three decades long ―Sri Lankan conflict‖ came to a conclusive end in May 2009, following the military defeat, the country is at its evidence of sign of relief at the post conflict era after experiencing three decades of horrible past which consist of destruction, demise and chaos. Thus, post conflict peacebuilding has emerged in various aspects, and there is the requirement to address these aspects in order to build peace and reconciliation. In this background, this research is based on the study of the livelihood of conflict affected women in Northern, Sri Lanka. Hence, the main objective of this research is to discuss the current income earning methods, their special issues of livelihood, and to recommend policy proposals to effectively address their livelihood issues of conflict affected women. The research problem of this study is to ascertain ―what kind of sustainable livelihood issues faced by the conflict affected women who live in Vavuniya District‖? Thus, this study will be a mix of qualitative and quantitative approach. The sample was selected from the conflict affected women in Vavuniya District, North Sri Lanka. Further, data is mainly collected through single households, women who are widowed and single mothers whom are above 18 years of age. Primary and secondary data was used while the quantitative data was analyzed and presented through charts and figures when necessary. It made clear that the basic needs measured by this research are sufficiently adequate despite the fact that these women lack financial and product assistance to enhance their income. The major problem identified is lack of water for their occupations since abundant water is available for their houses. When regarding the issues attributed by these women, it is important to develop women‘s entrepreneurship programmers with access to monetary funds. Empowering these women is considered as the crucial factor as classified by this study. Finally it could be concluded that the government has to solidify their concern for these single households most importantly the older women regarding their livelihood.Item Female Leadership as Revealed by Historical Sources (Content Analysis from Historical and Archaeological Perspectives)(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Ranasinghe, S.For sake of safety, stability and integrity of the prevalent administration machinery the peace, their sacrificial commitment and the mediation of the Women factor played a very vital role. The stability and strength the power of intervention and commitment of the community of Women was a deciding factor for the safety and smooth running of the public administration machinery of ancient Sri Lanka. The Women and the ruler were not only the idealist forerunners in the dynamics of the field of politics of the social fabric of Sri Lanka, but also they were the carrier elements of the human culture. The women leadership which has not come up for an open serious discussion in the historical society has topped up to be an open topic of discussion. Intervention of the Women in the fields of politics does not come within the purview of the attitudes of the Women. The Women community established soon after the arrival of Arahath Mahinda Thero in Sri Lanka which spread all over Sri Lanka. Furthermore, the manner in which relationship were built between the Women and the ruler, the impact the Women made on the polity, the service ruler, rendered for the ruler, and what were the kind of benefits the ruler yielded from that support, the intervention the Women made on the ancient days polity, their role and the response that society offered towards that intervention of the Women all these are expected be studied critically in this paper. In the way so as to how the various and multiple recorded media very regarding the integration of the material and spiritual concepts, in the same way their historical roots also are found deposited in multiple fields. In the same way, this research is recorded as a comparative study of archaeological facts and pre-colonial system of records, all integrated and merged. Intervening of the Women into the political field became a powerful backing for the authority and power of the ruler going up immensely. It has tended to act directly and indirectly as well, both to freeze the pattern of the rule to a routine and tradition. In the same way, it was an effective force in feeding the rulers with a code of ethics and one that opened the ways and means of avoiding attacks and challenges to them shooting up from the open society. The cooperation extended by the rulers for the good of the Women community to the political institution and political leadership become a powerful force in shaping the leadership and the institution. But it also turned out to be a violent and sentimental force that disturbed the ancient political institution. Thus, the Women become the dynamic symbol of the force of the state balancing its historical political route. Also it has shown that those are dynamics and changing elements and also gifted them to the modern political fabric.Item Education and Employment of Women in Sri Lanka(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Lankeshwara, P.; Wijesekara, N.Sri Lankan woman population is in a growing trend, where women are highlighted in every aspect in the society and the employment opportunities for the women also have been grown, where women’s participation is encouraged in every operational aspect. The research is mainly focused on analyzing the need and impact of education on the successful employment of women. It has been investigated that the extent to which the education can influence the employment capabilities of women. On The other hand the education of the country is also in a path of development, where the people are given more opportunities in gaining education. The study was conducted based mainly on data gathered through the house hold and social surveys conducted by the Central bank of Sri Lanka and the Census & Statistics Department in Sri Lanka. Further independent survey has been conducted with a random sample of 150 working women, in order to gather more influential factors on their livelihood and this primary data is collected through a survey questionnaire. Basically data analysis was carried out through the statistical analysis, especially the technique of correlation has been used to distinguish the relationship between the women employment and their education. Based on the data gathered from the employed women, a strong positive correlation has been identified between the successfulness of the career and the educational support. The final conclusion was that the women’s literacy as well as their engagement in the labour force is also growing, and their voice has also gained prominence. It can be said that they should successfully empowered and geared through a proper and structured education.