International Postgraduate Research Conference (IPRC)

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    Speciation Distribution of Analyzed Drinking Water in a CKDu Endemic Area in the Anuradhapura District
    (International Postgraduate Research Conference 2019, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Weerasinghe, A.A.V.N.; Perera, W.P.R.T.; Liyanage, J.A.
    Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDu) has been showing a spreading tendency among the agricultural zones in the North Central Province since the mid-1990s. Even though most of the studies have identified that the nephrotoxic heavy metal content in surface and ground water has not exceeded the permissible limits in the CKDu prone areas, long term exposure could influence on renal failures. The present study was attempted to study the chemical speciation of the contaminants in drinking water of CKDu endemic area in the Anuradhapura District. The areas selected for the study were Eppawala Grama-Niladhari division (GND) (8°8′33″N 80°24′10″E) in Anuradhapura District (Endemic site) and Dambethalawa GND (7°17'11.9"N 81°32'04.3"E) in Ampara District (Reference site). Nineteen drinking water samples from each sampling area were randomly collected. Basic physico-chemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and Fluoride content were measured on-site. Concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb) of the water samples were analyzed by ICP-MS (Agilent 7800) and counter-ion content (F-, Cl-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-) was analyzed by Ion chromatography (Methorm eco IC). Chemical speciation modeling was performed by using the Visual MINTEQ 3.1 software based on the obtained concentrations. According to the results, the average concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Pb were complied with SLS values for drinking water while Mn and Fe concentrations from both areas have exceeded the SLS values which are 100.00 and 300.00 μg/L respectively. The Mn concentration of Eppawala and Ampara were 173.99 (10.39-485.59) μg/L and 129.27 (1.089-239.86) μg/L respectively and for Fe it was recorded as 383.14 (0.18-867.44) μg/L and 526.21 (0.85-897.25) μg/l. Since the samples were collected randomly, the presence of Mn and Fe as heavy contaminants in some sites might be the reason for having a wide concentration range. The mean F- concentration of the Eppawala area was 1.80 (0.10-3.96) mg/L which exceeded the SLS maximum level (1.00 mg/L) while it was 0.45 (0.11-1.00) mg/L in Ampara which was below the SLS maximum limit. According to the speciation results, only species of Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu and Fe, namely Cr(OH)3, CrOH2+, Pb2+, PbOH+, PbCl+, PbSO4, Cd2+, CdCl+, CdSO4, Cu2+, CuOH+, Fe(OH)2+, showed higher variations of percentage distributions under the tested pH range of 4 to 9. Higher percentage distribution values of CdCl+, CdSO4, PbCl+, PbSO4, ZnSO4, MnSO4, CuSO4 were observed from the Eppawala area compared to Ampara area. Manganese, Cadmium, Zinc, Copper, Lead, Fluoride, Nitrate and Chloride species showed more tendency to exist as free ionic species such as Mn2+, Cd2+ , Zn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, F-, NO3-, Cl- at pH 7 while Chromium, Iron and Arsenic were found as Cr(OH)3, Fe(OH)2+ and H3AsO3 at pH 7. Long-term exposure to different species formed by Cd, Pb, Cr, As and higher F- concentrations may have some significant effects in causing CKDu.
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    Analysis of Drinking Water Quality Related to Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) of a Disease Prevalent Area in Polonnaruwa District
    (19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Perera, R.T.; Liyanage, J.A.
    Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a burning issue in the Sri Lanka over past 20 years. In those endemic areas, majority of CKDu patient’s drinking water source was well-water. According to the environmental and other collected data from the Medirigiriya where CKDu prevalent area in Polonnaruwa district and Buddangala reference area in Ampara district, both have similar environmental conditions and agricultural habits. But in endemic are high number of CKD patients have been reported and none of CKD patients have been reported in selected reference area. Hence, drinking water quality analysis was carried out in both areas. According to the hospital data obtained from the health service in north central province Ambagaswewa grama niladhari division in Medirigiriya divisional secretariat area, drinking water quality analysis was carried out. Because of highest number of reported CKD patients since 2001.Then Buddangala GN area was selected as reference site for this analysis. Thirty drinking water samples were collected from the drinking water sources of the CKD patient’s residential places in Ambagaswewa GN area and 30 drinking water samples were collected from the Buddangala area. According to the results obtained from this analysis, average Ca and Mg concentration values in both areas were not exceeded than the permissible level defined by SLS in drinking water as well as conductivity of water was also reported high in water samples. Moreover, in Ambagaswewa area, average pH value was 6.65 while Buddangala area it was reported as 7.20 average value. In addition to basic water quality parameters, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn, As, Cu, Fe, Na, K, Al, F-, SO4-2, NO3-, PO4-3 concentrations were analyzed in collected water samples with the aid of ICP-OES and Ion chromatography instruments. Before the ICP analysis, samples were filtered using nylon Sylinger filters (0.2 micro meters). According to the results, average concentration of Fluoride which suspected to be toxic to the kidney function, has exceeded the permissible levels defined by SLS in Ambagaswewa area,1.32ppm (+0.73), but in reference area those values ware not exceeded the permissible limits, 0.44ppm (+0.24). Average Cd concentration in the endemic area was 3.99 ppb (+2.87) while reference area is 0.15ppb (+0.07). (LOD of Cd-0.07). As and Pb concentrations were reported below the SLS permissible limits in both areas. Further concentrations of other species in both areas were not exceeded the permissible limits defined by SLS. According to the results, it can be reported that fluoride and Cd content in the drinking water may contribute to CKD. Finally, it concludes that drinking water quality can be a very significant reason for the prevalence of the CKDu in the endemic areas.