International Postgraduate Research Conference (IPRC)
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Item Assessment of the Heavy Metals in Rice Grains Grown in Paddy Soil in CKDu Endemic Area in Eppawala, Anuradhapura(International Postgraduate Research Conference 2019, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Perera, W.P.R.T.; Dissanayake, D.M.U.C.; Kannangara, A.T.; Liyanage, J.A.Global public health attention is being focused on Chronic kidney disease due to significant prevalence and the enormous cost of the treatment process. It was revealed that longterm consumption of bioavailable metals in grains causes CKD in humans. Therefore, the present study was planned to assess the levels of heavy metals in rice grains grown in paddy soil in CKDu endemic area in Eppawala, Anuradhapura. The soil samples (n=30) were collected from paddy fields in Eppawala GN division. Rice plants with rice grains (n=30) were also collected from the same fields. Collected samples (soil, rice roots and rice grains) were digested using the microwave digester (MDS-6G). Concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb) of the paddy soil, rice roots and ride grain samples were analyzed by ICP-MS (Agilent 7800). Based on the analyzed concentrations, Geo acumination indices were calculated to evaluate the heavy metal contamination conditions in the agricultural soil.The results indicated that the average concentrations of Cr, Cd, As and Pb in soil were 49.918 mg/kg, 0.107 mg/kg 5.033 mg/kg and 9.882 mg/kg respectively and they were 1.709 mg/kg, 0.027 mg/kg, 0.217 mg/kg, 0.566 mg/kg respectively in roots. Nevertheless, the lowest levels of metals were observed from rice grains (Cr, Cd, As and Pb were recorded as 0.342 mg/kg, 0.011 mg/kg, 0.035 mg/kg, 0.112 mg/kg respectively). According to the Igeo calculations, agricultural paddy soil in the Eppawala area has been moderately contaminated with Pb, As, Zn, and Cu. (Class 2). Nevertheless, Cd and Cr levels were between near to moderate contamination level. (Class 1). Although the levels of metals in rice grains were low, long term consumption of metal contaminated rice may contribute to chronic failure.Item The Role of Fluoride, Cadmium and Water Hardness in Drinking Water: A Critical Study of Potential Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in the Prevalence Area, Sri Lanka(International Postgraduate Research Conference 2019, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Botheju, W.S.M.; Liyanage, J.A.Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a major public health problem in North Central Region in Sri Lanka, and it is receiving global attention due to the absence of clear evidence to determine the causative factors. Although indisputable epidemiological data are lacking, high concentrations of water hardness, fluoride, cadmium, and other heavy metals in drinking water could be major causes for the prevalence of CKDu. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to assess the role of fluoride (F), cadmium (Cd) and water hardness in drinking water sources as potential risk factors for CKDu in a prevailing area of Sri Lanka. Drinking water samples were randomly collected from 30 dug wells in Girandurukotte Grama Niladhari Division (GND), Badulla District and Buddhangala GND in Ampara District (as reference sampling site) in the dry season (June 2019), Sri Lanka. Cd and F contents of the collected drinking water samples were analyzed using Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Fluoride meter respectively according to the standard procedures. Total water hardness values were calculated based on calcium and magnesium contents which were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Each analysis was performed in triplicates. Results were statistically analyzed using MINITAB 17 software. Inverse distance weight (IDW) and spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s Index - MI) tools in ArcMap 10.2.2 software were used to interpolate the spatial distribution patterns of F, Cd and total hardness in collected water samples. According to the results, mean F, Cd, and total hardness values of analyzed water samples in Girandurukotte GND were 1.64±0.04 mg/L, 0.124±0.074 μg/L and 83.60±4.02 mg/L respectively. Mean F content of the analyzed water samples in the CKDu prevalence area exceeded the maximum permissible levels of SLS standards (SLS 614: 2013, F - 1.0 mg/L) whereas the total water hardness values indicated the ‘moderately hard water’ (60 to 120 mg/L). As per the results, mean Cd concentration in Girandurukotte GND consented with SLS standard limits (Cd - 3.00 μg/L). Furthermore, mean F, Cd and total hardness values in reference sampling site were 0.504778±0.076 mg/L, 0.018±0.006 μg/L and 30.76±8.06 mg/L respectively and those results complied with SLS standard limits. Mean water hardness values in the reference sampling site indicated the ‘soft water’ (0 to 60 mg/L). According to the statistical analysis, F, Cd and total hardness values in Girandurukotte GND were significantly higher compared to the reference site (P<0.05). Moran’s indices of F, Cd and total hardness in Girandurukotte GND were -0.013, -0.006, and -0.011 respectively as per the Moran’s Index Tool. Based on the results, it can be concluded that high concentrations of fluoride, water hardness and long term exposure to heavy metals such as cadmium can lead to the occurrence of CKDu prevalence. Therefore, utilization of treated water can be recommended as a preventive measure of CKDu in the study area and these findings can be used as a benchmark in the water supply design processes in CKDu affected areas.Item Cadmium, Chromium and Lead Burden in Cooked Rice in Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) Prevalent Areas(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Fernando, T.D.; Arachchige, Y.L.N.M.; Jayawardena, B.M.Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a serious health problem in Sri Lanka since the 19th century. Still there is no permanent remedy for this problem. Madawachchiya is the area with highest number of CKDu patients and in this area people have stopped drinking well water as a precaution but they continue to use well water for cooking purposes. Heavy metals are among the suspected causes for CKDu. Heavy metal burden in rice may be increased when polluted water is used for cooking. However, studies have not been conducted to investigate the heavy metals fluctuation during cooking process in this area. Milled rice samples of BG 300 and well water used for cooking were collected from each area. Those collected rice samples were cooked traditionally. Samples were analyzed to determine the selected three heavy metal concentrations (Cadmium, Lead and Chromium). In this area 16% of raw rice samples contained high levels of Lead and 29% percent of raw rice samples contained high levels of Chromium which were higher than the maximum permissible level (MPL) recommended by the FAO/WHO (Codex Alimentarius). The Cadmium contents of all rice samples were less than MPL. But 45% percent of water samples had exceeded the Sri Lankan Standards (SLS) recommended level for Cadmium and thirteen percent of samples had exceeded SLS recommended levels for Chromium. But none of sample had exceeded the WHO recommended levels of Cadmium, Lead and Chromium. There was no significant change in Lead content during the cooking process (p>0.05), but Cadmium and Chromium were significantly decreased (p<0.05). The mean contents of Cadmium, Lead and Chromium in cooked rice samples were 0.057±0.031 mg/kg, 0.13±0.09 mg/kg and 0.77±0.211 mg/kg respectively. Even though having elevated levels of Chromium and Lead in raw rice samples and elevated levels of Cadmium and Lead in water used for cooking, those heavy metal concentrations of cooked rice were lower than the maximum permissible levels recommended by the FAO/WHO. Using well water for cooking purposes in Madawachchiya area has not increased the Cadmium, Lead and Chromium levels in cooked rice. To recommend using well water for cooking purposes further analyzing of other parameters in cooked rice is requiredItem Computational Investigation of Pesticide Induced Oxidative Stress and Its Impact on the Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu)(19th Conference on Postgraduate Research, International Postgraduate Research Conference 2018, Faculty of Graduate Studies,University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Deshan, T.M.V.; Pandithavidana, D.R.The chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has been a major health issue in Sri Lanka within the last three decades. It has been a burden problem mainly for the rural agricultural community. Many investigative efforts have been carried out to identify its unknown origin and several risk factors which have been associated. But levels of any of the pollutants or conditions reported have not been consistent or correlated with the prevalence of the disease as it is named (as the sole cause of CKDu). A possible link between oxidative stress and the progression of the disease has been identified. The environmental factors which favor the development of oxidative stress are prevalent in those affected areas. The study of “pesticide induced oxidative stress” has been a topic of research interest. Alterations in the balance between the production of free radicals and the antioxidant defenses were recognized as one of the main causes. The secondary interactions between small ligands and macromolecules were computationally investigated using AutoDock molecular docking program. In this computational study, four major pesticides were docked with different enzymes which directly related to mechanisms in generating oxidative stress. The strength of the binding of the pesticide in the binding site of the corresponding enzyme was used to emphasize its potential interaction with the enzyme. According to molecular docking investigations, it was evident that three organophospahates; Profenofos, Diazinon and Chlrofyrifos possessed relatively similar binding energies at the active site compared to the inducer for Cytochrome P450 A34 enzyme. Profenofos showed the lowest Gibbs binding energy among three. The computational studies predicted that these pesticides might serve as potent inducers or substrates for the enzyme. Imidacloprid was not metabolized by the enzyme as it didn’t show any interactions at the active site. None of the pesticides would act as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme. Further, computational simulations revealed that these organophosphates behaved as potent enzyme inducers as well as substrates which involved in bio activation. These computed results directed to a feasible mechanism to disclose how reactive oxygen species were generated to cause oxidative stress. The location of binding pocket and the strength of binding at the active site of the enzyme were important parameters used to generate these predictions. This computational study has been utilized to predict mechanistic steps related to the “pesticide induced oxidative stress” which is a causative factor for the multi factorial origin of CKDu.