International Research Symposium on Pure and Applied Sciences (IRSPAS)

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    Effect of fresh leaves and aqueous leaf extracts of five medicinal plant specieson survival, oviposition and adult emergence of Cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)
    (Research Symposium on Pure and Applied Sciences, 2018 Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Jayasundara, S. M. J. C. K.; Ganehiarachchi, G. A. S. M.
    The Cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus, (F.) is a major storage pest of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds in Sri Lanka. The present study was carried out to study the effect of fresh leaves and aqueous leaf extracts of five medicinal plants namely, Pandanus amaryllifolius, Murraya koenigii, Vitex negundo, Pavetta indica and Croton aromaticus on survival, oviposition and adult emergence of Cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus at 28 ± 20C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) under the laboratory conditions. The fresh leaves were applied separately at rates of 0.0 g/20 g (control), 2 g/20 g and 5.0 g/20 g of cowpea seeds providing direct contact with the insect pest to assess contact toxicity while the effect of five different concentrations (10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%) of aqueous extract of these plants were tested against oviposition and adult emergence of C . maculatus. For each treatment four containers were prepared. Five pairs of adult C . maculatus were introduced in to each container. Aqueous extract of these plants were prepared according to a reported method. Briefly, 300 g of each powdered plant material was taken into a 2 L capacity conical flask. Then 1000 mL of distilled water was added to it. It was shaken for 24 hrs using a mechanical shaker and kept for 48 hrs. The extract was separated using fine muslin cloth and volume was made up to 1000 mL. Results of contact toxicity assay showed that among the five plant species, C . aromaticus were most effective against the adult C . maculatus causing 65.45% (F 5, 18, = 9.01; P=0.00) and 83.25% (F 5, 18 = 24.33, P=0.00) mortality at 2 g and 5 g/20 g of cowpea seeds, respectively, four days after exposure to the leaves. The minimum number of eggs laid 33.5 (F 5, 18, =909.93, P=0.00) were observed in the samples treated with fresh leaves of C . aromaticus at rate 5 g/20 g of cowpea seeds while the minimum percentage progeny development 19.35% (F5, 18 =111.18, P=0.00) were observed in the samples treated with fresh leaves of C . aromaticus at rate 5 g/20 g of cowpea seeds. Maximum oviposition deterrent activity was observed in C . aromaticus at 90% concentration (55.02%) (F 4, 15, = 133.15, P=0.00). Minimum F1 adult emergence was higher in C . maculatus seeds treated with C . aromaticus at 90% concentration 46.00 (F 5, 18, =327.43, P=0.00). Results of this study clearly indicated that C. aromaticus “Wel Keppetiya”, had the highest effect on C . maculatus thus has a potential to be used as a grain protectant against C . maculatus.
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    Assessment of phytochemicals and antifungal effect of Croton aromaticus against postharvest fungal pathogens isolated from tropical fruits
    (Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Wijesundara, S.A.D.T.L.; Kannangara, S.; Abeywickrama, K.
    Chemical control using synthetic chemical fungicides is still the most common method of controlling postharvest diseases of fruits. Plant extracts which are rich in antimicrobial secondary metabolites such as terpinoids, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids could be possible alternatives for synthetic fungicides. Current study was focused on evaluating the antifungal effect of ethanolic extract of Croton aromaticus (Kappettiya) leaves in vitro against mycelial growth and the spore germination of postharvest fungal pathogens isolated from fruits of banana (Colletotrichum musae, Rhizopus sp., Lasiodiplodia theobromae) papaya (Rhizopus stolonifer, Colletotrichum gleosporioides, Lasiodiplodia theobromae) and mango (Alternaria alternata, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae, Lasiodiplodia theobromae). Surface sterilized diseased banana, papaya and mango fruit tissues were cultured on PDA plates in order to obtain pure cultures of possible fungi and they were identified by morphological and microscopic characteristics, using identification keys. Inhibitory effect of the ethanolic extract of C. aromaticus against test pathogens were investigated by well diffusion method using PDA medium, by incorporating crude extract dissolved in DMSO, ranging from 1 mg/ml up to 300 mg/ml concentrations along with the positive (Captan) and negative (DMSO) controls. Significant (P < 0.05) inhibitory effects were exhibited by the ethanolic extract of C. aromaticus leaves against all test pathogens except L. theobromae. The highest mycelial growth and spore germination inhibition of most of the pathogens were observed at 100 mg/ml. The lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the leaf extract (5 mg/ml) was observed for spore germination inhibition of C. gleosporioides and P. mangiferae. TLC analysis revealed four compounds having Rf values of 0.551, 0.672, 0.810 and 0.913. Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, phytosterols and flavonoids. Current findings indicate the potential use of ethanolic extract of C. aromaticus leaves in controlling banana, papaya and mango postharvest fungal pathogens in vitro.