International Research Symposium on Pure and Applied Sciences (IRSPAS)
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Item Analysis of heavy metal levels in rice grown in CKDu effected Krambankulama in Medawachchiya, Sri Lanka(4th International Research Symposium on Pure and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2019) Dilrukshi, A. A. S.; Weerasooriya, M. K. B.Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a major health problem faced in agricultural areas in North Central Province, Sri Lanka. Among many different causative factors that suspects, heavy metal contamination of food is one of the major issues which can lead to the renal failures in human. Though number of studies have been reported on CKDu, exact causative factor still remains unknown. Since rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple diet in these areas, heavy metal content of rice grown in CKDu prone Karambankulama, Medawachchiya was aimed to investigate. Rice samples (n=45) were collected from 5 sites in Karambankulama and in Hettipola, Kuliyapitiya. From each site 9 samples were collected at random locations. For the comparison purpose, Hettipola was selected as negative control site. The rice samples were acid digested in a microwave digester and heavy metals were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Cu, Cr, Pb were detected in flame mode whereas Cd was detected in furnace mode. According to the results obtained mean metal contents of rice samples were as follows. Cu- 0.864±0.090 mg/kg, Cr- 0.903±0.020 mg/kg, Pb- 0.144±0.010 mg/kg and Cd-0.089±0.003 mg/kg for the samples collected from Karambankulama and Cu- 0.804±0.050 mg/kg, Cr- 0.895±0.010 mg/kg , Pb- 0.133±0.001 mg/kg and Cd- 0.061±0.001 mg/kg for the samples from Kuliyapitiya. There were significant difference (p<0.05) of the mean levels of Cu, Pb and Cd in rice between Karambankulama and Hettipola while there was no significant difference (p>0.05) with respect to the mean levels of Cr. To assess the safety of dietary intake, weekly intake of Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd in rice samples were calculated separately based on the daily consumption of rice and compared with the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) established by the WHO/FAO. The results indicated that weekly intake of Cr was higher for ages between 4-5 years and 14 years for both sites and that of Cd was higher for ages between 4-5 years in Karambankulama than the maximum weekly intake levels recommended by WHO/FAO. During the survey 12 CKDu patients were recorded in Karambankulama whereas none was recorded in Hettipola. Hence, Cd accumulation in the body over long period of time could be one of the causes for the present increase in chronic renal failure in the North Central province.Item Heavy metal analysis of selected fruits and vegetables grown in CKDu prevalent Medawachchiya area in Sri Lanka(Research Symposium on Pure and Applied Sciences, 2018 Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Hiruni, H. K.; Weerasooriya, M. K. B.In Sri Lanka, CKDu has become a major health issue over the past two decades. The disease is proved to be endemic. The number of environmental risk factors has been recognized globally as other probable causes of CKDu, such as exposure to heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury, and chromium), agrochemicals, and nephrotoxic substances. Hence, the current study was aimed to investigate whether there is any relationship between CKDu and heavy metal contaminants of selected fruits and vegetables grown in the effected area. Fruits of Mangifera indica (Mango), and Carica papaya (Papaw), leaves of Centella asiatica Gotukola), Talinum fruticosum (Gas nivithi), Amaranthus cruentus (Thampala) and fruit of Solanum torvum (Thibbattu) were selected for the study. Study was based on 15 sites of each Gramasevaka Niladhari (GN) area (Puhudiwula, Mahadiwulwewa, Unagaswewa) in Medawachchiya. Information of the about CKDu patients and above fruits and leafy vegetables (n=45) grown in their home gardens were collected during the Maha season. The content of Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in samples were analyzed using Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that leafy and fruity vegetables (Thibbattu) contain higher concentrations of heavy metals than fruits. The concentrations of Cu, Cr, Cd and Pb detected in the vegetable and fruit samples were ranged from 3.64 ± 0.07 to 23.60 ± 0.14 mg/kg, 0.60 ± 0.09 to 17.11 ± 0.16 mg/kg, 0.08 ± 0.03 to 0.88 ± 0.00 mg/kg and 0.18 ± 0.08 to 7.70 ± 1.48 mg/kg (dry weight basis) respectively. None of the fruits and vegetables tested in three study areas exceeded WHO safe limit for Cu, 40 mg/kg. All the Mango and papaya samples tested below safe limit of 4 tested metals. Regarding the leafy and fruity vegetables all the samples at Mahadivulwewa, nearly 95% samples at Puhudivula and 70% at Ungaswewa exceed the safe limit for Cd. Nearly 20% of leafy vegetables at Mahadiwulwewa,10% at Ungaswewa and Puhudivula exceed the safe limit for Pb whereas nearly 80% of leafy vegetables at three tested areas exceed the safe limit for Cr. Of the 15 sites selected, 13 patients at Mahadivulwewa, 07 and 05 patients at Puhudivula and Ungaswewa were recorded respectively. Heavy contamination of Cd recorded in the leafy and fruity vegetables in the home gardens of Mahadivulwewa could be one of the risk factor accounts for higher number of CKDu patients. Cd accumulation in renal cortex reported to cause renal damage decreasing Glomeular Filtration rate. However, further analysis is required to establish this fairly conclusively.