International Conference on Sanskrit Studies (ICSS)

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Subject: search.filters.subject.Saṃsāra

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    A Comparative Study of Samsāra and Nibbāna as Reflected in Early Buddhism and Madhyamaka Philosophy.
    (International Conference on Sanskrit Studies, 2017 Department of Sanskrit, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka., 2017) Thammennegama Samiddhi
    As Early Buddhism notes, the word nibbāna denotes the ultimate reality of the individual. In accordance with early Buddhist explanation, nibbāna explains as the end of samsāra. On that regard, it is explained as two separated aspects. As mentioned in Dhammapada (“dīgobālānaṃsaṃsāro”), it’s explained that damn people are far from nibbāna and their transmigration is lengthened.Ven. Nagarjuna the founder of MadhyamakaTradition explained his opinion on samsāra and nirvāṇa as one aspect. That is mentioned in Mūlamadhayamakakārikā and that is the foundation of MadhayamakaTradition.“nirvāṇasyacayākoti – kotisaṃsataṇasyacanatayorantaramkiñci – susukśmamitividyate”According to the stanza, there is nothing in saṃsārawhich can be distinguished from nirvāna. He further explained that; the end of saṃsāraas the end of nirvāṇa.He tried to explain though his new tradition the central philosophy of Buddhism. Here I am going to discuss facts regarding the above two traditions and the controversial explanations of them on samsāra and nirvāṇa. This study is a library based research and used the primary and secondary sources to complete this writing. Especially facts in Mūlamadhyamakakarika and Theravada Canon are discussed and the similar facts regarding the same two aspects.
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    An Analytical Study of the Yogic Caturvyūha in the Yoga-Sūtra
    (Department of Sanskrit, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, 2016) Ven. Da Xing
    In Yoga tradition, the fundamental theory and practice adopts logic matrix as the Four Realities (caturvyūha) to discover problem and solve issues effectively. According to Yoga philosophy, the Yoga theories based on the discoveries made by the ancient thinkers from generation to generation which is refer to the teachings of Vedas, Brāhmaṇas, Āraṇyakas and Sāṃkhya darśana. Amongst them, Yoga was taken on various Sāṃkhic philosophies such as the theory of Triguṇa, Caturvyūha and Pañcaviṃśatitattva to establishment of own system. In point of fact, the term of the Caturvyūha which does not directly mentioned as generic word in the Yoga-Sūtra, but some inference forms and methods as Heya, Heyahetu, Hāna and Hāna-upāya appeared like causality condition through logical formula to analysis by the synthesis of four-factor model - the avoidance of suffering, remove the origin of suffering; cessation of suffering and the means leading to the cessation of suffering. In fact, this formula considered as the logical methodology and metaphysics that can be expounded with truths in the Yoga- Sūtra. In this connection, this logical distribution gives important information and evidence which indicate that discover the problems and solve the issues can be phased array in the model of orderly arrangement (vyūha), and this instruction is thus established by logical deduction to closed or understood yogic causality with the Four Realities, viz. the first three as philosophy and the last one as practice. In other words, the first two can be set as discover the problems while the last two as solve the issues. Accordingly, it is also found in this study that the theory and practice of the Caturvyūha are interconnected as the cause and effect to ascertaining the suffering and its ending in this systematic pattern. Therefore, an objective of this research is to make an analytical study of the Caturvyūha to understanding the philosophy and practice for formulated into a logical speculative arrangement and designed guide practitioners to eliminate the Kleśa, free from Duḥkha and end of Saṃsāra. And so, we note that the Four-Factor Formula can be improved by interdependence which also exists with the condition of reduplicative causality to realizing the yogic realities for attaining the Mokṣa.