Basic Principles
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Item Technical terms associated with the concept of bala: A Literature review(International Conference on Unani, Ayurveda, Siddha and Traditional Medicine (5th ICAUST). Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, 2017) Kaldera, H.P.I.J.; Samaratunga, U.; Jayawardane, K.B.Bala is a broad concept in Ayurveda which includes Thvidhabala namely Sahaja, Kala)a and each of which depends on many factors such as the nature of Sukra and mother's food habit during pregnancy, Desa and Käla of birth. variations of Tridosa, food habit and nature of the function of .4gni of the individual and age (Bä/a- Madhya-Vrddha). This study was carried out to analyze definitions for Bala and other related terms from Ayurvedic perspective on the basis of a literature review. Carakasamhitå. Sushrutasamhitä, Astäfigahrdayasarilhitä and their commentaries ( 77kä) were used as the sources in this study. The basic meaning of Bala is strength or power. Acårya Caraka has explained Bala as both repressive and preventive in its function against ailments Further, he has recommended the interpretation of Baia according to vvä_vümaiakti which is determined by weight lifting, etc. Carakasarilhitå recommends the examination of both Säririka and Mänasika Bola of the individual in terms of Sara, Sahrhanana, Sätmva. Satna, etc. In the diagnosis and treatment process. These Ayurveda Acaryas use the tenn •Bala' in its unique sense and therefore, its derivations should be defined precisely in order to interpret the associated concepts. These words referred to as 'Svasahj/iä' by both Carakäcaryu and Sushrutäcarya require subjective interpretations so as to comprehend the concept of Bala in its true sense. For instance. Balaparik'ä should be contextually interpreted in terms of Särfr•ikabala, Mänasikabala of the patient and Rogabala. The concept of Bala during the examination of patient (Rogiparikyä) has been viewed in slightly distinct ways by different Acaryas. Aearyl Sushruta has used the term 'Bala' to be interpreted in terms of individual's stature of the body (Kriaslhldädihheda), However, Acarya Caraka holds a different opinion stating that the individual's strength of body (Dehaba/a) cannot be determined on the basis of stature alone. He further states that the physician is likely to he misled if he treats a person with a fat body as having higher strength (Balava') and vice versa. A number of such terms including Balya, Balalut, Balakrt, DanrbaOu, Durba/a, Alpaba/a, Ba/abhrari"a, Balavrddhikara and Agniba/a were chosen for providing precise definitions in this Study. It can be concluded that Bala has a meaning spreading through a vast range which should be defined from the perspective of Ayurveda in its context.Item A Comparative study on terminology used in explanations of Pañcamahābhuta and Saptadhātu Siddhānta,(2nd International Conference on Sanskrit Studies (ICSS 2017), Department of Sanskrit and Eastern Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya, 2017) Kaldera, H.P.I.J.; Samaratunga, U.; Jayawardane, K.B.Terminology used in Ayurveda medical science has its own peculiar interpretations. These temls cannot be sufficiently comprehended through general dictionary meanings. P!lhivi, ap, reja, •.üyu, äküia are commonly used terminology Of rasa, rakfa, medha. asrhi, maffåand are those of Sapradhä,'usiddhän/a. The objective of this study is to comparatively review this lerminology on the basis of their Ayurvedic interpretations and the usage in current research papers. Twenty research parxrs containg these terms were downloaded from the Google scholar for this study while Carakasamhitä, Susrurasab'hi.'ä, Asrä'jgahrdayasamhitü and their commentaries (Jiküs) were used as reference texts. The results revealed that terminology related to Paicomahäbhfitaprinciple such as Puhivi, up, teja, l@vu, åkåürhave been substituted with common English equivalents: Prihivi as earth, earth principle. etc; ap as water, water principles, etc; teja as fire, heat, energy, etc; väyu as air, air principle, äkä'a as space, ether, etc. Similarly, terminolog_v relating to Sap'adhün,' principle has been replaced with a considerable range of English translation: rasa as skin, chyle. lymph, etc; rakta as blood. må'hsa as muscles. protein, meda as fat. adipose tissues, etc; asrhi as bone, bone tissues. etc: majjé as marrow. nervous system, as semen. reproductive fluid, etc. Some researchers had used the English equivalent within brackets in its first occurrence in the research paper while some others had used the English word in the body of the research paper while the terminology was used within brackets. There were also some research papers where only terminology had been used. The research • further revealed that the common equivalents used as substitutes to terminology do not accurately convey the intended concepts.Item An approach to the development of commonsense knowledge modelling systems for land selection(2012) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samaratunga, U.The land use methods which are ergonomically and environmentally appropriate are determined first and foremost by characteristics and location. For instance, land selection in architectural construction domain is considered as an area in land use methods, which involves commonsense knowledge of architects. This is because land selection criteria are very personal and there is no theory behind how it should be done. Sometime, there are too many redundancies in the process selection of lands. In this paper we present an approach to modeling commonsense knowledge in a sub field of architecture domain of land selection to come up with land classifications as psychological, physical and social events. This gives three-phase knowledge modeling approach for modeling commonsense knowledge in, which enables holistic approach for land selection. At the initial stage commonsense knowledge is converted into a questionnaire. Removing dependencies among the questions are modeled using principal component analysis. Classification of the knowledge is processed through fuzzy logic module, which is constructed on the basis of principal components. Further explanations for classified knowledge are derived by expert system technology. This paper describes one such approach using classification of human constituents in Ayurvedic medicine. Evaluation of the system has shown 77% accuracy.Item An approach to develop Multi Techniques Integrated Expert System for Diagnosis of Human Constitutions(2008) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samaratunga, U.This paper presents a multi techniques integrated expert system for diagnosis of Prakurthi in Ayurvedic medicine. The present mechanisms used for diagnosis of Prakurthi, which is considered, as classification of human constitutions and is inconsistent about its findings. Therefore a research has been conducted to reduce such inconsistencies using an expert system. In this issue multi techniques integrated expert system has been implemented for addressing the problem. Statistical technique and fuzzy logic have been described as multi techniques involved in the expert system. Tacit knowledge has always been influential to change the directions and emphasis of explicit models of knowledge. All explicit knowledge is rooted in tacit knowledge. Due to these reasons modelling of tacit knowledge is of great interest. Tacit knowledge in Ayurvedic sub-domain of individual classification has been acquired through a questionnaire and analysed to identify the dependencies, which lead to make tacit knowledge in the particular domain. In the first place analysis was done using statistical techniques of principal components and the results were not compatible with the experiences of Ayurvedic experts. As such, fuzzy logic has been used to further model the Ayurvedic sub-domain. The result of the modelling of Ayurvedic domain using fuzzy logic has been compatible with the experiences of the Ayurvedic experts. A framework for diagnosis of human constitutions has been integrated with an expert system shell thereby enabling the development of expert systems for domains with tacit knowledge. Currently, it has been integrated with FLEX expert system shell.Item Tacit Knowledge modeling in Intelligent Hybrid Systems(2007) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunanda, A.S.; Samaratunga, U.; Ratnayake, U.Knowledge modelling gives the intention of knowledge engineering which applicable for managing information systems. Tacit knowledge is the key issue of knowledge modelling aspect because all knowledge is rooted in tacit knowledge. This paper presents a research, which is incorporated of modelling of tacit knowledge. Here we have used an Intelligent Hybrid system for developing an approach for modelling tacit knowledge. The Intelligent Hybrid system is involved with artificial intelligent techniques, namely fuzzy logic and expert system technology. We primarily used fuzzy logic together with statistical technique of principle component analysis for modelling tacit domains. Tacit knowledge in Ayurvedic sub-domain of individual classification has been acquired through a questionnaire and analysed to identify the dependencies, which lead to make tacit knowledge in the particular domain. In the first place analysis was done using statistical techniques of principle components and the results were not compatible with the experiences of Ayurvedic experts. As such, fuzzy logic has been used to further model the Ayurvedic sub-domain. The result of the modelling of Ayurvedic domain using fuzzy logic has been compatible with the experiences of the Ayurvedic experts. It has shown 77% accuracy in using the tacit knowledge for reasoning in the relevant domain. The development has been done using Visual basic, FLEX expert system shell and the system runs on Windows platform. The Intelligent Hybrid system has been successfully applied for several tacit domains. Performances were very close to handling tacit knowledge by the human expert in tacit domainItem Using intelligent techniques for widening scope of real world problem solving(2002) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samaratunga, U.This paper presents a real world application where intelligent techniques have given promising results when statistical methods fail. Here we have considered the domain of Ayurvedic classification of individuals. Ayurvedic classification on individuals is based on analysis of a questionnaire. The questionnaire has been used over many years without any research into its improvement. So, classification using this method is still vague and subjective. An intelligent hybrid system has been developed to recognize human constituents. The system consists of modules using two intelligent techniques, namely, Fuzzy logic and Expert system. The statistical analysis on questionnaire of pilot study shows that principal component (PC) are not significant to consider. However, according to intelligent system developed, there is a significant difference between what we conclude with PC analysis and without PC analysis, provided that intelligent technique of Fuzzy logic is used. This is an interesting result that shows limitation of statistical techniques and how intelligent systems can be used for improving decision making.Item A fuzzy expert system for business intelligence(2013) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samaratunga, U.; Rathnayake, U.Business Intelligence (BI) is recognized as an increasingly important support for business decision making in emerging business environment, where a huge amount of data is growing fast and scattered around. Explicit knowledge can be presented formally and capable of effective (fast and good quality) communication of data to the user where as commonsense knowledge can be represented in informal way and further modeling needed for BI. Acquiring useful Business Intelligence (BI) for decision-making is a challenging task in dynamic business environment. In this paper we present an approach for modeling commonsense knowledge in Business Intelligence. A fuzzy expert system based on principal component analysis (PCA) and statistical fuzzy inference system for modeling Business Intelligence in commonsense knowledge is introduced in, which enables holistic approach for disaster management. This paper describes one such approach using classification of human constituents in Ayurvedic medicine. Evaluation of the system has shown 77% accuracy.Item Development of commonsense knowledge modeling system for Psychological Assessment in Clinical Psycho(2014) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samaratunga, U.; Rathnayake, U.According to the Buddhist philosophy, hatred (dosa) is considered as one of the three unwholesome roots which determine the actual immoral quality of volitional states and a conscious thought with its mental factors. Hatred, then, comprises all degrees of repulsion from the faintest trace of ill-humour up to the highest pitch of hate and wrath. Thus, ill-will, evil intention, wickedness, corruption and malice are various expressions and degrees of dosa. A hateful temperament is said to be due to a predominance of the type of dosa, apo, vayu and semha. Vedic psychology forms the clinical core of mental health counseling in the Ayurvedic medical tradition. According to Ayurvedic medical practises, a person is dominated on one of constitutes type (type of dosa) namely vata (vayu), pita (apo) or kapha (semha). This is known as prakurthi pariksha. Important aspect of identification of constitute type is for diagnosis of mental diseases, because each of constituent type has a list of probable mental diseases. An important area of expertise for many clinical psychologists is psychological assessment. Constructions of information systems using psychological assessment in clinical psychology have a problem of effective communication because of implicit knowledge. This complicates the effective communication of clinical data to the psychologist. In this paper, it presents an approach to modeling commonsense knowledge in clinical psychology in Ayurvedic medicine. It gives three-phase an approach for modeling commonsense knowledge in psychological assessment which enables holistic approach for clinical psychology. Evaluation of the system has shown 77% accuracy.Item An approach to the development of commonsense knowledge modeling system for disaster management(Springer, 2007) Mendis, D.S.K.; Karunananda, A.S.; Samaratunga, U.; Rathnayake, U.Knowledge is the fundamental resource that allows us to function intelligently. Similarly, organizations typically use different types of knowledge to enhance their performance. Commonsense knowledge that is not well formalized modelling is the key to disaster management in the process of information gathering into a formalized way. Modelling commonsense knowledge is crucial for classifying and presenting of unstructured knowledge. This paper suggests an approach to achieving this objective, by proposing a three-phase knowledge modelling approach. At the initial stage commonsense knowledge is converted into a questionnaire. Removing dependencies among the questions are modelled using principal component analysis. Classification of the knowledge is processed through fuzzy logic module, which is constructed on the basis of principal components. Further explanations for classified knowledge are derived by expert system technology. We have implemented the system using FLEX expert system shell, SPSS, XML and VB. This paper describes one such approach using classification of human constituents in Ayurvedic medicine. Evaluation of the system has shown 77% accuracyItem Diuretic activity of Spilanthes acmella flowers in rats(2004) Ratnasooriya, W.D.; Peiris, K.P.P.; Samaratunga, U.; Jayakody, J.R.A.C.ln the Sri Lankan traditional medicine. Spilanthes acmella Murr. (Family: Compositae) flowers are claimed to possess powerful diuretic activity. However, as yet, the diuretic potential of these flowers is not investigated by scientifically controlled studies. The aim of rhis study was to evaluate the diuretic potential of Spilanthes acmella flowers in rats using a cold-water extract (CWE). Difl-erent concentrations of CWE (-500. 1 000, I 500 mgArg) or vehiclc or furoscmide ( 13 mg/kg) were orally administered (// : 6 per each treatrrent -uroLrp) to hydrated rats and their urine output was monitored at several intervals of time (l*-5h). The highest dose of CWE significantly (P < 0.0-5) and markedly increased the urine output. The onset of this diurctic actjon was extremeiy prompt (within I h) and lasted thror-rghoLlt the stuciied pedocl (up to -5 h). The peak efTect was evident between 1 and 2 h. Further, the intensity of diLrresis induced by the CWE in the first hi..ur rvas almost simiiar to that of furosemide. Spilanthes acmella CWE also caused marked increase in urinary Na+ and K+ levels and a reduction in the osmolarity of urine suggesting that it is mainly acting as a loop diuretic. lt may also inhibit ADH release and/or action. It is concluded that the Spilanthes acmella CWE has strong diuretic action as is claimed.