Browsing by Author "Perera, W.D.H.N."

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    Comparison of different culture media in MPN method for the estimation of coliforms and E. coli in tea and herbs
    (Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Perera, W.D.H.N.; Asalaarachchi, G.; Abeygunawardena, S.I.
    Estimation of coliforms and E coli are two major parameters that are used in microbial quality processes in food and, generally these organisms are tested via Most Probable Number (MPN) method. This method is one of the standard enumerating techniques that perform with different culture media. The objective of this study was to compare some different media used to perform MPN technique to enumerate coliforms and E. coli in dried food products, which have water activity less than 0.95. The procedure-1 was performed with MacConkey broth, Brilliant Green Lactose Bile (BGLB) broth and indole test and this was very much similar to the previous standard procedure given as SLS 516 (part-3) 1982. Two other procedures were selected and denoted as procedure-2 (ISO 4831: 2006) and procedure-3 (ISO 7251: 2005). All three procedures are horizontal methods for detection and enumeration of coliforms and E. coli via MPN technique. The procedure -2 was performed using Lauryl sulphate tryptose (LST) broth and BGLB. The Procedure-3 contained LST broth and EC broth. Tea and herb samples (dried food products) were subjected to parallel testing by above mentioned procedures. Reference bacterial cultures were tested with each experiment as internal quality control measurements. Some Tea and herb samples were spiked with coliform organisms to obtain detectable counts. Total of Seventeen samples were tested according to these horizontal methods for the detection and enumeration of coliforms and E. coli and the results were subjected to statistical analysis (Paired-t test). According to Procedure 1, coliform counts in tea samples were in a range of 20 – 1100 MPN/g with a mean of 199 MPN/g and E. coli counts were in a range of 0.3 – 1100 MPN/g with a mean of 157 MPN/g. The results indicated that coliform counts obtained via procedure-2 for the same tea samples were in the range of 0.3 – 1100 MPN/g. However, E. coli counts obtained through procedure-3 were very much similar to that of procedure-1. The procedures -1 and -2 gave similar results for the coliform counts in herbal components. The average coliform counts as per procedure -1 was 320 MPN/g whereas procedure-2 gave 346 MPN/g. E coli counts estimated via procedure-1 and 3 for these samples were varied between 0.3-110 MPN/g and 0.3 – 900 MPN/g respectively. Although there were differences in culture media used, the statistical analysis indicated that results obtained from procedure 1 and procedure 2 for coliforms in tea samples were not significantly different (T-paired vale 0.037< T-table value, p =0.05). Similar results were also obtained for coliforms in herbs as well as E. coli in both tea and herb samples.
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    Malaria in Sri Lanka: Investigating causes of the recent elimination and making plans to prevent reintroduction.
    (Malaria Research Centre/National Institute of Malaria Research., 2019) Perera, W.D.H.N.; Gunathilaka, P.A.D.H.N.; Taylor-Robinson, A.W.
    ABSTRACT: Sri Lanka is a country that has long suffered from epidemics of malaria. In this historical context, it is remarkable that in 2016 the Indian Ocean island nation was able to officially celebrate the elimination of this parasitic disease of major public health importance. The most devastating outbreak recorded in Sri Lanka was during 1934-35, when close to 80,000 human deaths were reported. Indoor residual spraying with the insecticides, DDT and malathion commenced in 1947 and was successful in causing a rapid decline in malaria incidence. However, poor vector control measures, resistance of mosquitoes to these insecticides and resistance of blood-stage Plasmodium parasites to the prevailing drugs used are considered the principal reasons for the occurrence of subsequent outbreaks. Despite this, Sri Lanka achieved the significant milestone of zero locally transmitted malaria cases in October 2012 and zero recorded deaths since 2007. Vector surveillance, parasitological examination, and clinical case management were collective effective activities that most likely led to elimination of malaria. Yet, there remains a high risk of reintroduction due to imported cases and an enduring vulnerability to vector transmission. In order to prevent re-establishment of malaria, continued financial support, sustained surveillance for vector species present in Sri Lanka and effective control of imported cases through rapid detection and early diagnosis are all required. In addition to these immediate practical priorities, further studies on vector biology and genetic variations that affect vectorial capacity would help to shed light on how to avoid reintroduction. This review affords an insight into the determinants of past malaria epidemics, strategies deployed to achieve and maintain the current status of elimination, lessons learnt from this success and plans to avoid resurgence of infection. KEYWORDS: Elimination; Plasmodium; Sri Lanka; importation; malaria; vector.