Browsing by Author "Henegedara, G.M."

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    Agricultural Globalization and Non Plantation Agriculture in Sri Lanka
    (Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Henegedara, G.M.
    Agriculture is still important as the backbone of the economy and it contributes 19 percent of export income while occupying 30 percent of the total labour force. Thus agriculture development has recognized as one of the dynamic sectors of the country that could be generated capital, raw materials, food and labour as advocated by Lewis’ model (1954). The non-plantation agricultural sector which includes paddy and other food crops cultivation is occupied by a large number of small producers and characterize with conventional technology and low productivity. The successive governments in Sri Lanka followed various strategic policy options to develop the food crop sector by opening up to foreign market, foreign capital and advanced technology through agricultural globalization. The focal point of agricultural globalization is to increase the production efficiency through the principle of comparative advantage. Thus it is expected to increase the production, employment and income of farming community and to increase the consumer welfare as well. The main objective of this paper is to review how agricultural globalization process has impacted on increasing agricultural production, income and the welfare of farming community. The methodology of the study was based on inductive method and secondary sources information were used. The study reveals that liberal policies that lead to agricultural globalization had made a positive impact on improving domestic food crop sector in Sri Lanka. Thus, domestic food production, productivity, food security and farm income have increased despite some negative impact on income distribution and net returns. However the overall impact would be positive and dynamic along with the rapid globalization process.
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    The Changing Terms of Trade in the Small Farming Sector in Sri Lanka: Special Reference to Paddy and Vegetable Cultivation
    (Reviewing International Encounters 2015, Research Center for Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2015) Henegedara, G.M.
    Decline farm output prices relative to the prices of farm inputs and consumer food items become a core factor of the dropping farm income of small farmers in Sri Lanka, particularly in paddy and vegetable cultivation. Though the dropping farm income is a common problem in many agricultural countries, its impact is very crucial for a small country like Sri Lanka where nearly 30 percent of the labour force is occupying directly or indirectly in agricultural activities. Hence, the main objective of the paper was to review factors influenced for drooping TOT in the small farming sector and assessing its implications on the economy. The methodology of the paper was based on deductive method and used both primary and secondary data. According to price data analysis, parity ratio between paddy and consumer items has declined continually in the recent past. Farmers have to pay nearly 2 kilo of paddy to purchase one pound of bread in 2012, while it was one kilo in 1984. Similarly, the required paddy amount for receiving one packet of milk powder (450gram) has increased from 7.03 in 1984 to 10.2 in 2012. As the farm inputs, the parity ratio between paddy and fertilizer has declined tremendously over the past. However, the effect on vegetable farmers is insignificant due to price fluctuations. Government intervention has made some policy measures, granting fixed output price and input subsidy programs. Under the rapid globalization scenario, the issue has become more complicated and thus dropping farm income is not simply a matter related to domestic production factors; it also linked with the global market. It indicates the need for comprehensive sustainable agricultural policy
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    Changing terms of trade of small farming sector in Sri Lanka: with special reference to paddy, vegetable and fruit cultivation
    (Culture, Globalization and the Developing World, 2nd ICSS, 2013) Henegedara, G.M.
    Decline of relative farm prices in relation to prices of farm inputs and consumer food items has become a core factor of losing farm income of small farmers in Sri Lanka, particularly in the paddy, vegetable and fruit cultivation. Though the losing farm income is a common problem in many agricultural countries, its impact is very crucial for a small country like Sri Lanka where nearly 30 percent of labour force is occupying directly or indirectly in agricultural activities. Despite the GDP contribution of the agriculture sector has declined around 10 percent today, any impact in small farming sector would also influence to the majority of consumers in the non-agricultural sector. According to Statistical reports of the Department of Census and Statistics, farmers have to pay nearly 2 kilo of paddy for purchasing a one pound of bread in 2012 instead one kilo in 1984. Required paddy amount for receiving one kilo of sugar has fluctuated between 3.53 in 1999 and 3.57 in 2012. Similarly required paddy for receiving one packet of milk powder (450gram) has increased from 7.03 in 1984 to 10.2 in 2012. Since many of these items were imports, there is no income redistribution to non-farm sectors at least to offset the situation Sri Lanka as a country that follow economy wide policies, links to the world economy through exports and imports and influenced by the global economic and market forces frequently due to changes of global market. Therefore, losing farm income is not simply a matter related to domestic production factors; it also linked with international market by importing agricultural inputs i.e. fertilizer, chemicals and seeds and exporting farm outputs as agricultural and finished products. According to past records, values of TOT and BOP have deteriorated continually in Sri Lanka indicating more imports than the exports done by the country. Thus the main objective of the paper is to review factors influenced in changing TOT of small farming sector and assessing its impact on the economy. The methodology was based on deductive method and the paper would be based on both primary and secondary sources of information.
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    Is China a Hybrid Economy? A Review of Economic Development of China with special reference to Dual Track Approach for Economic Development
    (Centre for Chinese Studies, Department of Modern Languages, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Henegedara, G.M.
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    Price Volatility of Vegetable Farming in Sri Lanka: A Review of Causes and Effects of Up Country Vegetable Farming
    (Reviewing International Encounters 2018,The Research Center for Social Sciences (RCSS), University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Henegedara, G.M.
    Fluctuation of vegetables price is one of the key issues in sustaining small farming agriculture in Sri Lanka. It affects greatly to the economy both in terms of producers’ income and consumers’ welfare i.e. farm income and food security of the nation. Thus, nearly 500,000 small farm families involve in vegetable farming in Sri Lanka and often they suffered from price fluctuations. Subsequently, vegetable production pattern and supply chain also change leading imbalance food consumption and government expenditure. The causes attributed to the issue are related with uncertainty, information asymmetry and lack of resources. Thus effects of the issue are related with low production, irregular supply, frequent price fluctuation and changing producers and consumer welfare. Thus, causes and effects become the prime issue of sustainable vegetable farming in Sri Lanka. Diagnostic and descriptive literature described causes and effects of price fluctuation. Thus Cobweb theorem has diagnosed three price fluctuation patterns such as constant, convergent and divergent fluctuations and tested empirically in several countries. This paper aims to review factors influenced in price fluctuation of vegetable farming in Sri Lanka in view of Cobweb theorem and to predict consequence effects. The methodology of the study was based on quantitative data analysis. Both survey data and secondary data were used for the analysis. The study findings accepted the facts of cobweb theorem indicating a convergent type of price fluctuation in up country vegetable production that determined sale prices on the prices of previous season. The study predicts consequence effects to be addressed by policy makers and recommends suitable policy options to minimize the price fluctuation
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    Price Volatility of Vegetable Farming in Sri Lanka: With special reference in up country Vegetable Farming in Nuwara Eliya District in Sri Lanka
    (Sri Lanka Forum of University Economists (SLFUE), Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2016) Henegedara, G.M.; Abeykoon, A.M.N.J.
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    Recent trends in labour market in non-plantation sector in Sri Lanka
    (University of Kelaniya, 2008) Henegedara, G.M.
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    A Reviewof Inclusive Growth Policies in Sri Lanka
    (Department of Economics, University of Kelaniya, 2016) Henegedara, G.M.
    As a new development concept, inclusive growth strategies are implemented by many countries so as to balance the development along with sustainable wealth creation and inclusion of all segments of the society as the shareholders of development. The concept refers both pace and pattern of growth in view of long term sustainability, broad based across sectors and inclusion of large portion of labour force.The successivegovernments of Sri Lanka were also followed this concept and implemented various programs so as to assure growth with equity and equality of opportunities along with liberal and protection policies. Therefore, the main objective of the paper is to review whether the inclusive growth oriented policies implemented in Sri Lanka since independence were successful in ascertaining broad based sustainable development through increasing economic growth and sharing growth through employment opportunities sustainably. Thus the analysis was based on reviewing variousgrowth approaches followed during three policy regimes i.e. inward looking, outward looking and Mahinda Chintana since independence. It also assessed the effects of inclusive growth policies and approaches on changing living standards of people and assuring inclusive development in the rural agricultural sectors. The methodology of the paper was based on quantitative analysis that derived from the secondary sources of information published by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Department of Census and Statistics, and the Ministry of economic development. The studyconsists of four sections i.e. need for inclusive growth, approaches to inclusive growth, the effect of inclusive growth policies and policy implications. The analysis revealed thatthe effectsof inclusive growth approaches followed since 1950s were effective in improving social infrastructure and reducing rural poverty in Sri Lanka significantly. But inclusiveness for employments, market creation and ultimate objective of gaining sustainable economic prosperity is still beyond the expectations due to some bindings affected as the constraints.
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    The Role of Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries
    (Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2015) Adjumain, A.S.; Henegedara, G.M.
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    Variation of Terms of Trade in Small farming Sector: with Special Reference to Paddy and Vegetables Cultivation in Sri Lanka
    (Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2014) Henegedara, G.M.
    Decline market prices of paddy and vegetables relative to prices of consumer food items and fertilizer inputs become a core factor of losing farm income of small farmers in Sri Lanka. Though the dropping farm income is a common problem in many agricultural countries, its impact is very crucial for a small country like Sri Lanka where nearly 30 percent of labour force is occupying in agricultural activities. Though all the successive governments in Sri Lanka have implemented various policies in this regard, still declining prices of food crops were greatly influenced to reduce farm income and subsequent it was affected for food security and public welfare of the country. Therefore, the main objective of the paper is to review factors influenced in changing TOT of small farming sector and assessing its impact on the economy. The paper was based on deductive method and used both primary and secondary sources of information. Price variations of farm products and consumer food items were measured by calculating parity ratios of respective commodities and accordingly it found that, values of Terms of trade (TOT)) of paddy and vegetable farming has been deteriorated continually in Sri Lanka, compared to imported food items and farm inputs. Thus farmers have to pay nearly 2 kilo of paddy for purchasing a one pound of bread in 2012 instead one kilo in 1984. Required paddy amount for receiving one kilo of sugar has fluctuated between 3.53 in 1999 and 3.57 in 2012. The required paddy amount for receiving one kilo of fertilizer has increased from 0.95 in 1984 to 1.65 in 2005. Similarly though farm gate prices of vegetables were also fluctuated throughout the year, the deterioration of TOT of vegetables farming is not significant as paddy farming since occasional price fluctuations were able to offset the price increases of consumer items and farm inputs. It shows that both demand and supply factors were influenced for deteriorating terms of trade of farm outputs. The demand factors were related to disposal income and substitute products while the supply factors were related with increase cost of production, matters related to crop planning, crop management and marketing. Finally it suggests some policy recommendations that required for protecting small producers in food crop sector.
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    මාක්ස්වාදී චින්තනයේ ආර්ථික විග්‍රහය පිළිබඳ විමසුමක්
    (Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Henegedara, G.M.
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