Browsing by Author "Gunawardhana, P."
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Item The Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) project: the hinterland (phase II), preliminary report of the first season 2005(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Coningham, R.; Gunawardhana, P.; Adhikari, G.; Katugampola, M.; Simpson, I.; Young, R.Item Archaeological Heritage in Biyagama Division(University of Kelaniya, 2006) Gunawardhana, P.; Namalgamuwa, H.; Bandara, N.; Wijesuriya, D.; Saldin, M.; Mahoney, T.Archaeological heritage of the Kelaniya region goes back to the Proto-historic times. The transitional phase from the Mesolithic culture of the Pre-historic period to the Protohistoric or Early Iron Age is revealed in the region. The Proto-historic period in Sri Lanka is believed to be in 1000 BC (Senaviratne, 1985). The black and red ware found from the Pilapitiya, draws our attention to the fact that the Kelani valley region has played a key role during this period. According to the chronicles, Kelaniya had been an organized city and remained a remarkable strategic point from the 3 rd century BC. As ancient Sri Lanka was strategically located on the trade routes between south –East Asia and west Asia, it is suggested that Kalyani or Kalyani pattanam might have functioned as a main sea port of the city where many traders lived and engaged in the international trade. However, due to the rapid development of the socio-economic sector in the country, it tended to change the cultural landscape and also the contemporary appearance of the buildings, monuments and sites. For the investigation of this region as an initial stage, we used the unsystematic survey method which has identified about one hundred thirty seven archaeological heritage sites (Gunawardhana, 2006). The aim of this paper is to discuss the archaeological heritage of Biyagama division and will finish addressing the concepts of archaeological heritage of this environment.Item Archaeology: The Three Savants in the Field of Sri Lankan Buddhist Monastic Architecture(University of Kelaniya, 2005) Gunawardhana, P.The Department of Archaeology, University of Kelaniya was established in 1979. Serving the department were three Professors, namely Abhaya Ariyasinghe, Senake Bandaranayake and H.T Basnayake, serving at different times, whose contributions have received national and international acclaim. There is no doubt that we can class them as savants in the field of archaeology. Architectural remains of Buddhist monasteries, in terms of size and number, constitute the most significant branch of archaeology. The specialization area or the doctoral research of these Professors was Buddhist monasticism in Sri Lanka. This paper is intended to examine the approaches of these Professors in the field of Buddhist monastic architecture. It can be seen that there are two approaches to the study, the first is a historical approach and the second is a social approach. Abhaya Ariyasinghe and H. T. Basnayake attempted to recognize a considerable number of details pertaining to particulars of monastic units as mentioned in the ancient chronicles. The publication of all existing remains of Buddhist monasteries under architecture would be a valuable record in order to study the historical context of the subject. Therefore, it can be said that Ariyasinghe and Basnayake developed the forms and concepts in the context of the historical approach (Gunawardhana, 2003). However, the decade of 1970 marks a turning point when there were two significant lines of development in archaeology (Trigger, 1989). First, the critical analysis of literary sources and inscriptional evidence that constituted the initial framework. Secondly, the research components as initiated by other disciplines of theoretical studies and other analytical methods in examining the Buddhist monasteries. The scholar who has engaged himself in Buddhist monastic scholarship in systematically analyzing the various types of these institutions, the individual building units and the theoretical framework of the monasteries is Senake Bandaranayake, who developed the social approach.Item Begging or cooking: a study on the monastic life of the Anuradhapura hinterland(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Adikari, G.; Gunawardhana, P.; Coningham, R.; Saldin, M.; Namalgamuwa, H.Item Buddhist Monasticism in Sri Lanka: a Social Approach(2007) Gunawardhana, P.Item Changing prescribing behaviour: early low dose aspirin in suspected acute myocardial infarction(Elsevier, 1998) Seneviratne, S.L.; Gunatilake, S.B.; Adhikari, A.A.D.N.W.; Gunawardhana, P.; de Silva, H.J.INTRODUCTION: Evidence obtained from large clinical trials would be of limited value, if such evidence does not reach the provider of care, and even when it reaches them, if they do not change their clinical behaviour accordingly. The aim of our study was to assess the effectiveness of intervention, aimed at changing prescribing behaviour of general practitioners (GPs) with regard to early low dose aspirin in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: A total of 96 GPs were sent a questionnaire assessing their knowledge and practices with regard to use of low dose aspirin in acute MI in November 1995 (Q1), June 1996 (Q2) and September 1996 (Q3). An 'intervention' was carried out with a view to changing GP prescribing of low dose aspirin is suspected acute MI after the first two questionnaires were sent. RESULTS: The results of this study seem to show that an intensive 'intervention' achieved success in changing prescribing behaviour of GPs. Although the intervention resulted in a overall significant increase in the prescription of low dose aspirin in suspected acute MI, it was seen that in the GPs who were aged <40 years the success achieved with the 'intervention' was greater when compared with that seen in those older than 40 years. CONCLUSION: Dissemination of information on new practices in medicine are important in the process of continuing medical education for doctors. A 'personal intervention' such as is described in this study seems to have good effect.Item Destruction, construction: an approach to rescue archaeology(University of Mumbai, India, 2006) Gunawardhana, P.; Coningham, R.Item Development of Buddhist monasteries towards urbanism in the Tissamaharama region(2003) Gunawardhana, P.Item Do Terracotta Figurines Suggest a Burial Pattern?(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Gunawardhana, P.; Coningharn, R.; Adikari, G.; Katugampola, M.; Namalgamuwa, H.; Saldin, M.; Simpson, I.; Batt, C.Terracotta figurines were discovered extensively in the northern, north central and eastern dry zones of Sri Lanka. The discovered sites indicate that they arc closely connected with river basins, canals, tanks and agricultural landscapes (Deraniyagala, 1972). The fact that many of the sites were located in agricultural areas suggests terracotta figurines might have served as cult images due to their significance in the agricultural society. These figurines may be the offerings of the rural people who could not afford to dedicate more valuable items to the Gods. Possibly they may have acted as cult images of fertility in small shrines. The aim of this paper is to discuss the results of the excavation at Waragoda in Anuradhapura. This privately owned land is located I 00 meters away from the Y oda-ela left bank that flows into the Nuwara-weva in the Anuradhapura city centre. This site was identified by the Upper Malwatu Oya archaeological exploration project in 2007. In the same year a 1 x4 metre trench excavation was conducted adjoining the house as an archaeological rescue operation due to settler's decision to expand the house. The most common type of female and animal figurines found there represents a popular artistic form. The five female figurines which are sitting on the ship seem to have been made as two halves then joined together. Perhaps the heads were designed separately and connected to the figure showing classic techniques of production significant to this culture. The hairstyle and dress of the female figurines express the popular fashion and designs which may have existed in this culture. In addition to that the six vessels which were placed in a central position towards the north south direction plays a key role among the findings. Significantly male and female rock art faces engraved at Budugala in Ratnapura District also show a similar facial expression in terracotta. Most of the figurines were discovered on the surface level of the site. One of the main objectives of this excavation was to attempt to establish the chronological sequence of this culture. The figurines found from the site are in fragments as the objects were probably broken before the God after prayers. Then the figurines were accumulated in the shrine and carefully deposited into the grave beside the shrine.Item Getting random for looking at reality(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Katugampola, M.; Gunawardhana, P.; Schmidt, A.; Coningham, R.; Manuel, M.; Simpson, I.; Strickland, K.; Adikari, G.Item Getting random for looking at reality: alternative methods for random survey(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Katugampola, M.; Gunawardhana, P.; Schmidt, A.; Coningham, R.; Manuel, M.; Simpson, I.; Strickland, K.; Adhikari, G.Item Havanvela: a Megalithic Cist Burial Site from the Matale District(University of Kelaniya, 2007) Saldin, M.; Adikari, G.; Gunawardhana, P.The megalithic mortuary complex of Sri Lanka falls primarily within the proto-historic period whose earliest manifestation in Sri Lanka is dated to 1000- 800 BC at Anuradhapura and Aligala shelter at Sigiriya (Deraniyagala 1992: 709-29, Karunaratne and Adikari 1994: 58). The megalithic burial tradition is one of the main features of this period although there is evidence of its survival to later periods as well (Seneviratne 1984). Havanvela is situated in close proximity to Galewela of the Matale District in the intermediary transitional eco zone. Preliminary investigations have revealed that Havanvela is a megalithic cist burial site. It is interesting to note that this burial is located in the Upper Kala Oya Region in close proximity to the cist burials of Ibbankatuva, Yatigalpotta and Anakatava. Of these sites Ibbankatuva is the only one to be assigned a radiocarbon range of 750- 400 BC. Hence it would be interesting to research the possibility of these sites being contemporary to each other especially considering the similarities in grave architecture. The Havanvela site is currently in danger of being destroyed du~ to the site being used as a general cemetery in modem times. The aim of this paper is to present a plan to protect and manage the heritage of this site in order to protect it from further destruction.Item Heritage tourism: complexities of land management and archaeological presentation(University of Kelaniya, 2006) Gunawardhana, P.; Adikari, G.; Hathurusinghe, S.; Katugampola, M.; Bandara, N.; Namalgamuwa, H.; Wijesuriya, D.Ibbankatuwa is possibly the best-known megalithic burial site in Sri Lanka where can be attractive to, and capable of appreciation. It has grate potentiality to foster tourism. The massive heritage site, built in 700 BC is great significance. Ibbankatuwa and its environs is perhaps the most numinous and archaeologically sensitive region which is a major tourist destination. Most importantly, locating two World heritage sites such as Sigiriya and Dambulla are playing a key role within the zone. It is obvious that the maintenance of a massive land area, social life of the people within the land and archaeological presentation of the site are the major problems currently associated with Ibbankatuwa which needs to be managed. It is significant to secure the preservation of the site to promote the enhancement of the character and the appearance of the environs (Boniface and Fowler, 1993). Moreover, there are complexities of land ownership, land use and land management which have to be considered as a whole. More than ten hectares of land owned by the Archaeology Survey Department where twenty families are residing but they are not allowed to build permanent houses. Apart from that open land is used for agricultural purposes; basically the cultivation of grain and banana but these interventions also brings its problems to the heritage site. It is clear that the archaeological presentation in a formidable form is necessary to attract the tourists. The aim of this paper is to discuss the problems of the site and to provide suggestions for promotion to tourist attraction. The creation of the project planning at Ibbankatuwa on the basis of the cultural, tourist, recreational and educational asset would minimize destructions to the site and earn a substantial annual income for the country.Item Inscriptional evidence discovered from the Upper Malwatu Oya region(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Bandara, N.; Amarasekera, A.A.D.; Gunawardhana, P.; Coningham, R.Item Megalithic burials and the Anuradhapura factor(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Saldin, M.; Gunawardhana, P.; Coningham, R.Item Miniature art: female dominance of the terracotta figurines(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Gunawardhana, P.; Coningham, R.; Adikari, G.; Strickland, K.; Katugampola, M.; Namalgamuwa, H.; Saldin, M.; Simpson, I.; Batt, C.Item Prehistoric evidence discovered through the Upper Malwatu Oya Exploration Project(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Namalgamuwa, H.; Adikari, G.; Coningham, R.; Gunawardhana, P.Item Prehistoric evidence discovered through the upper Malwatu oya exploration project(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Namalgamuwa, H.; Adhikari, G.; Coningham, R.; Gunawardhana, P.Item The state of theocracy: defining an early medieval hinterland in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Coningham, R.; Gunawardhana, P.Item The state of theocracy: defining an early medieval hinterland in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2008) Coningham, R.; Gunawardhana, P.