International Conference on Social Sciences (ICSS)

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    108: the digits for emergency
    (University of Kelaniya, 2008) Pathak, P.; Panya, M.
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    Abuse of women in Indian advertisement
    (University of Kelaniya, 2008) Pathak, P.; Pandya, M.
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    An academic study about the incestuous connections depicted in the Sinhalese folk-lore
    (University of Kelaniya, 2008) Jayasundara, B.; Priyadarshani, S.
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    Acceptance and rejection in Buddhist monasticism: spatial organization in Nalanda monasteries in Bihar
    (University of Kelaniya, 2013) Dhammananda, Galkande
    When we reconstruct the history of relationships and hierarchies among people and groups the study of spatial organization provides much information. The „space‟ is a production that narrates the nature of relationships, hierarchies, organizational structures, rejection and acceptance of certain people and groups who live or interact with that particular space. Perhaps the story narrated by the spatial studies differs considerably from the story narrated by the literature. Such relationships, hierarchies and organizational structures that maintained in monasteries are reconstructed mainly considering on literary sources which have their own limitations and biases. Therefore, there is a vacuum for studies of the spatial organization of Buddhist monasteries. In this paper the spatial organization of Nalanda monasteries of Bihar (4th century to 13th century) is analyzed. Objectives of this paper are to explore and reconstruct the above mentioned different relationships, hierarchies and organizational structures that have been maintained among inmates and between lay and clergy of Nalanda, a Buddhist monastery that represents a mature level of the development of the idea of „monastery‟. In exploring this archaeological and architectural remains of ritual and residential spaces will be analyzed in details horizontally and vertically. The way of the ritual and residential spaces are organized, their orientations, centrality and different levels of restrictive methods adopted through spatial organization will be analyzed here. Several levels of hierarchies among monks and between lay and clergy are seen. While attempting to keep lay people away from the spaces of the monks the effort is seen to welcome them with certain restrictions and limitations.
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    Access and Usage of the Online Databases in the Wayamba University Library Network (with special reference to Makandura Premises)
    (Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Thusithkumari, W.M.
    Electronic databases play a major role as information sources in libraries at present. Many of the indexed and abstracting journals appear as electronic bibliographic databases and information retrieval systems. Other than indexes and abstracts, there are different types of electronic databases, which are now very popular among the librarians and library users due to several factors like speed, flexibility, wide range and accuracy. The objective of this study is to measure the online database usage of academics in Wayamba University Makandura Premises, and to find the obstacles they face. The methodology used for this study was the survey method. Online questionnaires were used as the data collection method. The questionnaires were distributed to the academic staff in two faculties of the Makandura premises. Usage statistics of vendors were also used in data analysis. Online questionnaires were given to the academic staff in order to identify the most useable databases, and also to understand the obstacles in using online databases. Vendor’s statistics (2012-2015) are utilized to see the usage pattern of databases. The study shows that there had been a steady growth rate in the usage of the online database.. However the general usage of online database of Wayamba library network is at a satisfactory level. Several obstacles to online database usage were identified in this study. These include the lack of full text availability, the high cost of online databases, the lack of search skills among users, the lack of knowledge about scholarly e-journals. The following recommendations were made to overcome above obstacles: increase the subscriptions of scholarly online databases, allocate sufficient funds by the university and conduct continuous information-seeking literacy training by library.
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    Adoption and impact of E-commerce on Sri Lankan tourist sector
    (University of Kelaniya, 2008) Widyasekara, S.; Fernando, N.; Hettige, R.
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    The Afrikan Sri Lankans: culture, community and continuity
    (University of Kelaniya, 2013) Mandy, L.
    The Afrikans* currently living in Sri Lanka are a diverse group. Some are students, some are members of diplomatic missions and embassies. Most intend to return to their home countries once they have attained their goals in Sri Lanka. Those Afrikans who have lived in Sri Lanka for most if not all of their lives have a different and fascinating history. It starts with their origins, which are often unclear. It continues with the name used to classify those- Kaffir (Kapiri in Sinhala) which is a derogatory term. This history includes the capture, forced migration, and enslavement of their ancestors by Afrikan, Arab, Portuguese, Dutch, and British profiteers and by wealthy Sri Lankan and Indian royalty, merchants, and landholders. It continues with success in surviving and prospering in a foreign land amidst differing cultures, languages, and holding a different status within the caste systems in Sri Lanka. And as we view the Afrikan Sri Lankans today, we see them in communities in various parts of Sri Lanka. They are continuing to assimilate successfully into the larger society while, in many cases, retaining distinctive Afrikan physical features and cultural forms. This paper discusses the Afrikan Sri Lankans through an Afrikan-centered lens that focuses on their history, present situations, and futures. Afrikan-centered theory uses Afrikan values as theoretical and experiential frameworks through which to understand the trials and triumphs of Afrikan peoples wherever they are found. Photos of members of the various communities will be used to illustrate aspects of the assimilation and acculturation processes in which they are engaged. Questions that remain unanswered regarding their past will be raised and discussed. *The spelling of „Afrikans‟ with a „k‟ rather than with a „c‟ as in „Africans‟ is purposely done. Its use is explained in the paper.
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    Agricultural Globalization and Non Plantation Agriculture in Sri Lanka
    (Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Henegedara, G.M.
    Agriculture is still important as the backbone of the economy and it contributes 19 percent of export income while occupying 30 percent of the total labour force. Thus agriculture development has recognized as one of the dynamic sectors of the country that could be generated capital, raw materials, food and labour as advocated by Lewis’ model (1954). The non-plantation agricultural sector which includes paddy and other food crops cultivation is occupied by a large number of small producers and characterize with conventional technology and low productivity. The successive governments in Sri Lanka followed various strategic policy options to develop the food crop sector by opening up to foreign market, foreign capital and advanced technology through agricultural globalization. The focal point of agricultural globalization is to increase the production efficiency through the principle of comparative advantage. Thus it is expected to increase the production, employment and income of farming community and to increase the consumer welfare as well. The main objective of this paper is to review how agricultural globalization process has impacted on increasing agricultural production, income and the welfare of farming community. The methodology of the study was based on inductive method and secondary sources information were used. The study reveals that liberal policies that lead to agricultural globalization had made a positive impact on improving domestic food crop sector in Sri Lanka. Thus, domestic food production, productivity, food security and farm income have increased despite some negative impact on income distribution and net returns. However the overall impact would be positive and dynamic along with the rapid globalization process.
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    Agro-Forestry Practices In Tea Cultivation Arears With Special Reerence To Nuwaraeliya, Sri Lanka
    (4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Sumanapala, M.R.N.S.
    Agro-forestry is an activity that combines production on the same plot of land, with annual agricultural activities and delayed long term production by trees. The hill country plantation area is mainly concerned with tea crop expecting high production. This rich agro-forestry system is created consisting of several practices. Indian Tamil community acts as the labor force for the production of tea. Objectives of the study are, to identify the flora species which support tea cultivation and their role sustain in sustainability, to study about the agro-forestry practices developed by communities in estate sector and to understand the institutional contribution for development of agro-forestry practices in tea estate sector. Data was collected by direct observation, interviews and questionnaire survey. Secondary data were collected by using reports, books and articles and important web pages. Fifty samples were selected to fulfill the objectives of the study. Result was that Sevendara (Vetiveria zizanioides), Chinese grass (Miscanthus sinensis), Flower species were used to control the negative effect on soil fertility by erosion. Trees like Era Badu (Erythrina Fusca), Ipil Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), Sakota or Sabokku (Gravillea banksii), Ladappa (Gliricidia sepium), coffee (Coffea), are the shade trees which introduced to tea estates. Nitrogen requirement for the tea plants also fulfilled by some tress namely, Ladappa and Era badu. Vrieties of Mana like Goutemala, Pengiri mana (Cymbopogon nardus), Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon cirtratus) increase soil fertility and reduce the number of harmful insects in the soil layer. Plants like Croton (Codiaeum variegatum), Coffee, and Mexican sun flower (Tithonia diversifolia) species develop strong boundary system. Home gardening and Animal husbandry activities are common agro-forestry practices in the estate sector. Government had introduced some development programs to increase the livelihood condition through agricultural activities like inland fishery programs, livestock programs and home garden concept. Besides, non-governmental organizations also supported the communities by giving goats or cattle to develop the home base economic activities. Home garden concept is not a well-organized activity in the estate area because, as people explained, they do not have much time to sustain home gardens as a result of their busy life. Stakeholder awareness rising programs needed to be increased in these areas.
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    Alaththi Bama: Traditional Ritual Performed by Vedda Woman for Katharagama Deity
    (Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Ananda, T.; Nahallage, C.
    Ruhunu Maha Katharagama Devalaya is a multi-ethnic and religious place dedicated to Katharagama deity who is also considered as a one of greatest spiritual ancestor ) Na Yaka (worshiped by Vedda people. His second wife was Valli Amma believed to be an adopted daughter of a Vedda Chief; Nanda .Alaththi Bama ritual is performed by 12 Vedda women descended by Valli Amma linage as for blessing of Katharagama deity .This study was aimed to discover the present status of this ritualistic performance .Data was gathered through interviews conducted with 6 Alaththi Ammawaru )Alaththi Mothers .(Alththi ritual is perjured before the Muruthan offering )Rice made with pumpkin, honey etc - . Muruthan offering is done for three times in a day at 4.30 am, 10.30 am, and at 6.30 pm except Saturdays .(On Saturdays Alaththi Mothers bring water for )Nanumura Mangalyaya (a wishig ceremony in Devalaya from Manik River and withal traditionally they have assigned to participate to devala processions .King Dutugamunu) 1st century BC (has assigned 8 Alaththi mothers to pound paddy to get rice for Muruthan offering .Eight of them accompanying for paddy pounding, around a stone mortar with pestle, called wata wee ketima .Before the Muruthan offering Alaththi mothers enter in to the devalaya from the right side door holding an unlighted oil lamp which was kept on the stairs of the devalaya by kapumahaththaya) Priest .(Then Alathti mothers worship Katharagama deity and light the oil lamp and perform their ritual while murmuring their secret blessing stanza .Next they perform this ritual again in the Wata Pila )In the back side of the Devalaya .(They dressed up with special traditional dress called kambaya )camboy( which is represented there Vedda lineage .The leader of Alaththi Mothers is called as Gurunnanse) Teacher( and their duty is matrilineally descended) goes from mother to daughter .(King Dutugamunu’s period they have given rice for their duty .Later Rs. 2.85 and at present as a common allowance they receive Rs.5000 per month .Apart from their ritualistic life they are having social and family life differing from the Hindu devadasi concept )Female servant of the deity /Nautch girl .(Their monthly income is less than Rs.10000 which is not enough to maintain their families .Differing from early days at present they have confronted many social and economic problems .Eldest Alaththi mother have been performing this ritual for 50 years which she has started it in her 20’s .Though she has devoted her entire life for the Katharagama deity still she have not given considerable gratitude from deities as well as from responsible governing bodies .Even though they are having difficulties at present, faithfulness to the Katharagama deity has been the major reason of continuation their duty as Alaththi Mothers.
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    An Analysis of Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Northern Areas of Pakistan: A Case of Organic Farming Hunza Valley
    (4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Murtaza, S.H.; Dr.Nawaz, R.
    The paper aims to seek the effects of tourism on biodiversity (Variety of plants and animals life in a particular habitat) of Northern Areas of Pakistan considered as visitor’s paradise filled with colors of nature. It is believed that tourism leads to economic growth of a specific region, with spillover effect on national economy. Tourist industry needs massive arrangements like housing, transportation and infrastructural development; with a negative bearing on environment in form deforestation, air pollution, water pollution, land erosion and other ecological losses. An obvious consequence of tourist movement is influx of consumer goods produced in industrial towns; that will act as catalyst for polluting environment in form of plastic, heavy metals (A metal of relatively high density) and CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbons: hazardous materials for nature). Furthermore inclusion in net of national economy serves as a detriment of local small scale village based industries. The paper aims to analyze the impacts generated by a boom in tourist industry on natural, social and economic ecology of northern areas of Pakistan through SWOT analysis and suggest remedies to cure environmental degradation by establishing environment friendly local economies of Hunza Valley of Pakistan.
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    An analysis of household demand for energy in Sri Lanka
    (University of Kelaniya, 2008) Rajmohan, K.; Weerahewa, J.
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    Analysis of Organizational Factors Coursing Employee Job Stress with Special Reference to Middle Level Managers of Apparel Industry in Sri Lanka
    (Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Malithi, M.A.S.; Dissanayake, D.M.T.D.
    more effective workers towards the organizational success. They talk positively about the industry and go beyond the normal expectations of their job while helping others. To create high level of satisfaction among the employees reducing job stress is very much important because Job Stress mean a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint, or demand related to what he or she desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important. According to this study researches identified that there are three main organizational factors such as leader related factors, management information system related factors and structure related factor causing employee job stress and the special reference was given to middle level managers in the apparel industry in Sri Lanka. Researches used simple random sampling technique to select the sample and finally selected 60 middle level managers from five apparel sector organizations. Collected data was analyzed by using SPSS statistical package and identified that the leader related factors are more influential among other factors. This study highlights the importance of leader related factors, management information system related factors and structure related factor towards the reduction of stress level with in the apparel sector and further it provides significant findings for reduce the job stress among the workers.
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    Analysis of trade-offs in public preferences for environmental health management: a discrete choice modeling exercise
    (University of Kelaniya, 2008) Siriwardena, K.S.D.; Gunaratne, L.H.P.
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    An Analysis of Visitor Satisfaction on Service Quality at Colombo National Museum, Sri Lanka
    (4th International Conference on Social Sciences 2018, Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2018) Weerasingha, G.B.I.
    A national museum has the potential to offer an authentic experience about the travel destination at a glance. Colombo National Museum, being located in the commercial hub of the island, is a determinant attraction in both cultural and heritage tourism aspects. Historical perspectives and the prestige artefacts denoted at the museum, attract thousands of visitors per annum. It is beneficial to measure the visitor satisfaction at Colombo Museum since the visitor is prominent for any tourist attraction to determine the survival of the attraction. Further the satisfaction level is critical on decision making of reviews, revisits, recommendations and creating an image about the attraction. Visitors are arriving with certain levels of perception and after the visit the perceived experience is resulted on different satisfaction levels due to the available facilities, features, and services at the site. Major objective is to analyse the service quality gap at the site as a tourist attraction. Specific objectives are to evaluate the quality of the visitor related facilities at the site and to explore the possibilities to promote the site with enhancing the visitor experience with quality services. The research is conducted on both qualitative and quantitative methods, where primary and secondary sources are referred in data collecting. Survey technique is used with structured questionnaire distributed for the visitors at the premises and the museum management was interviewed to identify their intellectual ideas. The questionnaire given for the visitors is designed based on the SERVEQUAL method where the visitors’ expectations were compared to perceived experience at the site. 5 elements in SERVEQUAL model including Reliability, Assurance, Tangibles, Empathy and Responsiveness were measured. 50 foreign visitors and 50 domestic visitors were used as the sample based on convenience sampling technique. Findings of the research indicate that there is distinctive gap between the visitors’ expectations and the perceived experience on service quality during the visit to the Colombo Museum
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    Analyzing the problems of multicollinearity in the data
    (University of Kelaniya, 2008) Jahufer, A.; Jianbao, C.