ARS - 2013
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Item A study of phonetic and phonological development of Sinhala speaking children in the Puttalam district age 3:0-3:11 years(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Nonis, P.D.M.; Hettiarachchi, S.Introduction: Normative data on speech development are essential to differentiate children with speech difficulties from typically developing children. Due to the lack of normative data on Sinhala, currently, clinicians depend on norms established for English. But the normative data for English cannot be applied to Sinhala speaking children due to language specific features. Objectives: The main objectives of the study are to document the sounds in the phonetic inventory and phonological processes used by Sinhala speaking children between 3:0- 3:11 years. It also focused on identifying whether gender or maternal education has any impact on the development of speech. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used in this study. 80 monolingual Sinhala speaking children from five different areas in the Puttalam district participated. They were selected from the two age bands (3;0-3;5 and 3;6- 3;11 years). Children’s speech abilities were assessed using an informal picture based assessment tool developed for Sinhala, based on the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (Dodd et al 2003). Results: Sinhala speaking children have acquired all vowels by 3:0 years. The order of acquisition of consonants is consistent with that of English speaking children. Stop sounds, approximants, lateral sounds and nasals including /m/ and /n/ emerged first in Sinhala- speaking children. Fricatives and trills were found to be later sounds. However, none of the pre-nasalised stop sounds were used by 3:11 year olds. The phonological processes used by children showed universal and language - specific patterns. Denasalisation of pre-nasalised stops and lateralisation were found as language specific error patterns in Sinhala speakig children. Conclusions: The study revealed significant effects of age and maternal education on phonological development. The findings of this study can be used to make tentative, yet clear diagnoses of Sinhala – speaking children with speech difficulties, and in planning and implementing intervention.Item Development of suitable propagation systems for Tephrosia spp. and Flueggea leucopyrus in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Priyadarshan, A.I.S.; Senanayake, S.P.; Jayetilleke, M.P.; Rajapakse, R.G.S.C.Different species of both genera Tephrosia and Flueggea are commonly used as ingredients in traditional therapeutic preparations. Due to the increasing popularity of these plants as ingredients in traditional therapeutic systems, production of planting materials for commercial cultivation is a timely requirement. This research was carried out to develop suitable propagation systems for T. purpurea, T. villosa, T. noctiflora, T. pumila and F. leucopyrus. Though Tephrosia spp. seeds have shown higher viability, low germination percentage was observed within a week on wet filter paper as well as in different six potting media. Six potting media were prepared using five raw materials namely coir dust, sand, top soil, cow dung and compost with different compositions to evaluate the seed germination and growth performance of Tephrosia species. Water impermeability of seed coats was identified as the reason for the seed dormancy in Tephroisa spp. and soaking in Con. H2SO4: H2O; 3:1 for 25 mins and rubbing on sandpaper for 2 mins were determined as suitable seed dormancy breaking methods. Variation was observed in the growth performance of Tephrosia spp. in six different potting media. Soil medium was determined as a more suitable medium compared to the hydroponic solution for all four Tephrosia species. Due to less seed production in F. leucopyrus, stem cutting propagation methods in three different potting media (Coir dust, Sand, Coir dust: Sand 1:1) were applied to evaluate the efficiency in propagation. Semi hardwood and hardwood cuttings of F. leucopyrus were well established within a period of a week in sand potting medium. These findings can be used to establish suitable propagation systems for genera Tephrosia and F. leucopyrus for commercial cultivation.Item Has the trend of students working in groups produced real collaboration? A study based on web-related collaborative writing among second language learners(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Dissanayake, S.A.R.R.P.; Gamage, K.G.S.Has the trend of students working in groups produced real collaboration? This has been a question raised over the years in second language classrooms. In fact, collaborative practices are being increasingly used in these learning settings. The rapid evolution of communication technologies has changed second language learning modes, enabling new forms of classroom interaction, and new ways to participate in learning situations. With new technologies available, learners can work more easily in groups of four or more, simultaneously. Also, new technologies allow researchers insight into the second language collaborative learning process. This study investigates the effectiveness of web-based collaborative writing assignments. The purpose of this study is to explore the changing nature of collaborative writing, and how it is influenced by web-based writing contexts. Twenty students in the first year BAMS program of the Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute of the University of Kelaniya, and BA program of the Buddhist and Pali University, who learn English as a second language participated in this study. These subjects were asked to use a web-based word processing tool to collaboratively plan and report on a given written assignment. Group collaborative texts produced by these students in Google Docs will be analyzed to determine different patterns emerging from students’ collaborative writing behavior within web-based word processing. The contribution to the web-based word processing document by each student will be categorized based on the revision activity. Such contributions will be viewed in terms of language- based revision and content-based revision.Item Oral presentation and autonomous learning through technology(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Prananda, S.The increasing popularity of technology in recent times has created changes in the field of teaching. The role of computer in language instruction has become an important phenomena among language teachers. This tendency has led us in Sri Lanka to introduce computers in language teaching. This development in technology has changed the role of the student and the teacher. According to King (2002) oral presentations have been widely adopted by EFL teachers to promote oral proficiency. Not only does it involve a large amount of class time to conduct oral presentations, a relaxed and low threat learning environment is also an important factor. It also explores how oral presentations using multimedia promote autonomous learning and team work. Data were elicited from 25 adult learners who followed the Business English Course Preliminary stage conducted by the English Language Teaching Unit at University of Colombo. These are students who scored below 40 marks at the Placement Test conducted to diagnose the level of the students. Oral presentation is one of the assignments which is done using powerpoint. The students have to find information such as the company organizational structure, the services / products, benefits and so forth for the presentation. Finding such information and learning to use computers pave the way for autonomous learning. Using computers transforms the way of teaching. A knowledge of how to use Powerpoint is necessary for the teacher as students had to email the slides for the teacher to give the comments. Class time is allocated for students to present their work in class where peer assessment is given. Questionnaires based on the likert scale were administered to the students at the end of the course. This study attempts to investigate how technology promotes autonomous learning and other skills of language learning through oral presentations.Item An approach to enhance intercultural competence in EFL classrooms of universities of Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Li, M.; Rajapaksha, R.M.W.This paper is an exploration of teaching intercultural competence in foreign language courses through the example of a pedagogical experience in local universities. Language research increasingly acknowledges the intercultural dimension of foreign language acquisition. Intercultural communicative competence can therefore be considered as one of the central aims of foreign language education, so that learners can successfully communicate with people from different linguistic and cultural domains. However, there have been few empirical studies which illustrate intercultural competence with a view towards assisting its integration into classrooms. The objective of this investigation is the increased understanding of practice of language competence along with intercultural competence as an educator, which entails the construction of an understanding of intercultural competence teaching and learning in the foreign language classroom. The study incorporates insights from critical pedagogy, critical multiculturalism, and intercultural competence theories and examines the ways in which the research process has influenced and reshaped classroom practice, paving the way for future improvements. During a classroom-based study over three academic semesters, an intercultural syllabus for an English writing course aimed at facilitating new understanding of cultural diversity contributed to the learners’ intercultural awareness. Qualitative data collection and analysis endeavored to answer the questions by investigating student perceptions of cultural diversity and assessing their response to the syllabus. By focusing on the enhancement of students’ intercultural competence, the study sought to identify successful strategies for teaching intercultural competence. The analysis reflects a more fluid and moderate understanding which acquires the cultural ‘other’ in more positive ways. In addition, deeper understanding of intercultural issues is evidenced with reflection on the concept of culture and increased cultural self-awareness.Item A critical evaluation of Sri Lankan government school textbook series, Let’s Learn English(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Gunawardena, A.A.At present, recognizing the importance of English, as the gateway to modern knowledge, English is taught from the primary grades onwards, within the Sri Lankan education system. Let’s Learn English is a series designed for primary grades; 3, 4, and 5, and lays the foundation for children’s formal English language learning process. Therefore, critical evaluation of this series could be considered vital to discover whether the students’ language requirements are satisfactorily fulfilled. Drawing on comprehensive qualitative and quantitative data through questionnaires and interviews from a study sample of ESL (English as a Second Language) teachers, instructors and students, this study seeks to investigate the extent to which the contents of the books meet the set objectives. Additionally, attempts are made to inspect how far the coursebooks are free from mistakes and errors. Also, the integration of all four language skills was analyzed to examine whether the communicative needs of students are met. The ultimate objective of the study is to identify strengths and weaknesses of the coursebooks and recommend improvements to them, with the aim of enhancing the quality of learning and teaching practices. The results of the study revealed that the Grade 5 coursebook of Let’s Learn English needs modifications, while the presentation of Grade 3 and 4 coursebooks requires slight modifications.Item පිරිත් දේශනයේ මනෝචිකිත්සාමය වැදගත්කම(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Ananda Thero, AmpareItem Phonemic and phonological development in the speech of 3 to 4 year old Sinhala-speaking children living in the Rathnapura district whose mothers are employed or not employed(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Wanniarachchi, W.A.G.M.; Hettiarachchi, S.This study investigates the phonemic and phonological development of Sinhala speaking children, age between 3 to 4 years, living in the Rathnapura district. It focused on the possible effect of age, gender and socio economic status (SES) and whether the mother is employed or not employed. The total sample consisted of 80 children (44 females and 36 males) from preschools in the Rathnapura district. They were selected using a purposive and convenient sampling method. The sample was spilt into 2 age groups( 3;0 – 3;6 and 3;7- 4;0) of 40 participant in each. Gender and SES were considered within groups and age was considered between groups. An informal picture based assessment tool based on Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (DEAP) (DEAP, Dodd et al., 2003) was used to obtain speech samples. The assessment tool consisted of 75 coloured pictures which represent speech sounds in word initial, medial or final positions, in identical consonant clusters (reduplication) and in non identical consonant clusters. The speech samples were gathered during spontaneous naming or in repetition. Inferential statistics and t-tests were used in the analysis to determine the influence of age, gender and SES on phoneme accuracy and the acquisition of phonology. The study found that Sinhala speaking children acquired all the vowels and 22 consonants by the age of 4 years. Phonological accuracy increased with age with fewer typical phonological processes observed. Gender and SES were not found to significantly influence phonemic or phonological acquisition. The study found some language specific phonological features of Sinhala compared to English norms. The findings have clinical implications for service delivery.Item The validity of body mass index in predicting body fat percentage(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Piyasena, W.B.A.I.; Jayasena, R.S.S.; Subasinghe, Wasantha; Gunasekara, K.A.D.C.Introduction: Obesity has become a leading health concern worldwide. It has become a foremost factor for morbidity and mortality due to non communicable diseases. (Eg: Ischemic Heart Disease, Diabetes Mellitus). Body Mass Index (BMI) is commonly used to define obesity, which is mainly the high body fat content. However, prediction of body fat content using BMI is somewhat controversial. On the other hand, methods like Bio-Impedance Analysis (BIA) is more accurate in predicting body fat content, but lacks population level data for Sri Lanka. This study was designed to fulfill those shortcomings in body fat measurements. Objectives: To determine the relationship between body fat percentage and gender To determine the validity of body mass index in predicting body fat percentage Method: 46 participants including 25 obese (Asian cut off value for obesity >25 kg/m2) and 21 healthy volunteers (non-obese) were recruited in a preliminary cross –sectional study in the Obesity Clinic at North Colombo Teaching Hospital and Family Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Ragama. A pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaire was distributed to collect data. Height and weight were measured for BMI calculation and percentage body fat was measured using BIA analyzer (MOTEX, 060607-U-01). Results: The obese group had 68% women and 32% men. 86 % of the non-obese group was female. 12% of obese group and 9.5% of non-obese group were suffering from chronic diseases such as hypertension and bronchial asthma in our sample.72% of obese group and 42 % of non-obese group had a family history of obesity. In the obese group mean BMI values were calculated as 31.76kg/m2 (SD=4.36) and 28.575kg/m2 (SD=3.27) for females and males respectively. According to the results, mean values of body fat percentage were 40.8% and 25.82 % for obese women and men respectively. Asian cut off values of obesity according to the 2004 WHO Expert Committee corresponded to 31-39% (mean 35%) body fat in females and 18-27% (mean 22%) body fat in males. Both BMI and body fat percentage data recorded for the non-obese group were within the WHO Asian standards. Relationship of the BMI to body fat percentage was tested by regression analysis. The correlation coefficient of BMI to body fat percentage for females is 0.94 and for the males it is 0.98, which suggests that BMI is a stronger predictor of body fat percentage for both females and males, within the limits of the current study. Conclusion: The results suggest that BMI is a stronger predictor of body fat percentage for both sexes. Even though the body fat percentage of females was higher than males, it was compatible with WHO Asian values.Item Impact of scope management practices on completing software projects successfully(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Bandara, C.P.; Wijayanayake, J.I.Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry is one of the fastest growing industries in Sri Lanka. This industry has set a target of achieving export revenues of US$ 1 billion and employment of 100,000 by year 2015. Software development is one of the main revenue and employment generators of the ICT industry in Sri Lanka. Software development is a very competitive business and companies engaged in this business are looking to bond with their stakeholders on a long term basis to get projects from ever increasing IT investments. However, failing to complete ongoing projects successfully is a major drawback for maintaining good relationships. Failure to deliver software products to stakeholders has been a major challenge to the software development companies in Sri Lanka. Therefore, achieving the set target by year 2015 will depend entirely on how software developers can tackle this problem. Generally, software development projects are considered failures if the project fails to meet the time schedule or the allocated budget. Inability to manage the scope of software development projects has been identified as the main reason behind these failures. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that affect the successful completion of software projects in Sri Lankan software development industry. The factors affecting software project success were identified from the literature and a conceptual model was developed. The conceptual model was validated from data collected from a company which has been in the software development industry for more than 35 years. The results indicate a strong, positive relationship between project successes and scope management practices. Further, data analysis revealed that defining the deliverables before starting the project, embracing changes in the on-going project, creating proper work behavior structure, and keeping automated scope controlling mechanisms in place have a moderate positive impact on software development project success.Item Cardiovagal autonomic functions in children with abdominal pain predominant functional gastrointestinal disorders(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Karunanayake, A.; Devanarayana, N.M.; Rajindrajith, S.Background: About 12% of Sri Lankan children suffer from abdominal pain predominant functional gastrointestinal disorders (AP-FGD). Autonomic dysfunction is believed to be involved in the development of symptoms in patients with AP-FGD. The objective of this study is to assess the cardiovagal autonomic functions among children with AP-FGD. Methods: Twenty five children with AP-FGD age 5 – 12 years (mean age 8 years, SD 2.27 years) were part of the study. There were 12 girls and 13 boys. Autonomic dysfunction related symptoms were recorded using an interviewer-administered, validated questionnaire. Eleven autonomic parameters were obtained while subjecting children to four non invasive, bedside, autonomic function tests; assessment of blood pressure response to standing, heart rate response to standing, heart rate response to deep breathing and heart rate response to Valsalva manoeuver. Results were compared with age, sex, and matched with twenty one healthy children’s autonomic values [mean 8.9 years, SD 1.8 years]. Results: Autonomic dysfunction related symptoms were found among 4 children with AP-FGD (16%). Resting heart rate (86b/min vs. 91b/min in controls), supine systolic blood pressure (111mmHg vs 97mmHg), supine diastolic blood pressure (70mmHg vs 61mmHg) were significantly higher in children with AP-FGD compared with controls (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The children with AP-FGD may have autonomic abnormalities restricted to sympathetic division of the autonomic system.Item අධ්යාපන මාධ්යයක් වශයෙන් නව මාධ්යය යොදාගැනීමේ සඛ්යතාවය(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Mallawarachchi, A.Item දික්කසාද යේ දිගු කාලීන සමාජ බලපෑම පිළිබඳ ව විචාරාත්මක අධ්යයනයක්(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Karunarathne, H.N.Item Phenetic variation and phenolic composition of leaves of Flueggea leucopyrus willd. (vern: Katupila) collected from different climatic zones in Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Priyadarshan, A.I.S.; Senanayake, S.P.; Jayetilleke, M.P.; Rajapakse, R.G.S.C.Flueggea is a genus of thorny shrubs belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, and represented by two species in Sri Lanka. Currently, Flueggea leucopyrus is becoming increasingly popular as an ingredient in several traditional therapeutic systems in Sri Lanka, as well as in other countries. According to a questionnaire survey, carried out using a population sample of hundred, the distribution of F. leucopyrus was found to be common in the dry zone, compared to the wet zone of Sri Lanka. Most of the users are of the opinion that the best ingredients for traditional therapeutic systems can be obtained from plants grown in the dry zone. Therefore, the aim of this study is to interpret the phenetic variation and determine the phenolic composition in leaf extracts and of F. leucopyrus in different climatic zones in Sri Lanka. Floral and vegetative characters of F. leucopyrus in fifteen localities in districts of Colombo, Kurunagala, Puttalam and Hambanthota were observed and cluster analysis was done. Leaf material collected from fifteen different localities were acid hydrolysed and extracted into ethyl acetate and ether. Ethyl acetate extracts were used to isolate flavonoid aglycones using cellulose Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) plates in solvent 50% acetic acid. Ether extracts were used to isolate phenolic compounds using 2-Dimensional paper chromatography in solvent systems, butanol: acetic acid: water; 6:7:3 and sodium formate: formic acid: water; 10:1:200. Then colors of the spots were observed under UV (366nm) and Rf values were calculated. Then cluster analysis was carried out to determine the distribution pattern of flavoniod aglycones and phenolic compounds. Slight phenetic variation was observed among the different population samples. Intra specific variation can be seen in the distribution of phenolics and flavonoid aglycones in leaves of F. leucopyrus with respect to their habitats in different climatic zones. The variation observed in the specimens of different localities in the dry zone is higher than the wet zone samples. To determine the variation in the efficacy of leaves of F. leucopyrus in preparation of therapeutic systems, further elucidation of phytochemicals is needed.Item Attitudes of L22 learning undergraduates towards CALL3(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Alahakoon, P.P.The rapid development in language learning is interlinked with significant advances in ICT4. These advances provide the tools and assistance of teaching L2. In this context, CALL courseware becomes vital. Thus many institutions around the world have introduced CALL courseware in L2 classrooms as a way of providing supplementary resources in enhancing L2 acquisition of the students. This methodology is integrated in Sri Lankan university curricula due to its effectiveness, compared to traditional methods and techniques in teaching. Yet it is relatively new to the undergraduates and only few universities use this method. Though it is said to be advantageous, it is essential to know the attitudes of the undergraduates towards CALL as it is still to be surveyed. This research explores the attitudes of 25 undergraduates (ELTU 11032) in the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Kelaniya towards CALL, as a recent exposure for them in learning L2. Thereby it seeks to construe how the undergraduates perceive the role of CALL compared to classroom teaching in a traditional classroom setting. It also identifies the degree of their enthusiasm while discovering the difficulties they face in using CALL materials and the limitations (if any) of such courseware. The data were gathered by a questionnaire and interviews conducted with randomly selected undergraduates, and the results will be interpreted qualitatively. Through the questionnaire and interview data, this study examines the possibility of enhancing the usage of CALL courseware to upgrade the undergraduates’ language proficiency. This research concludes by highlighting some key factors to consider when integrating CALL into L2 courses and some suggestions for further study.Item The use of E- knowledge among Special Degree undergraduates in the Humanities and the Social Sciences(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Meegaswatta, T.N.K.In a world where knowledge is available at our fingertips, scholarship has undergone significant changes. The impact of technology is leaving its mark on contemporary scholarship in numerous ways; be it the quality, quantity or authenticity of research and knowledge. The rapidly evolving technological environment has numerous implications vis a vis universities, curricula, research, standards and undergraduates’ performance. Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to gage the level of e-knowledge among Special Degree undergraduates in the Faculties of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Kelaniya. Through the data gathered from structured questionnaires and interviews of both undergraduates and lecturers, this paper identifies the reasons and assesses the impact of the use and the lack of use of novel methods of knowledge making which are widely available to student communities throughout the world. Through quantitative and qualitative assessments of data gathered from Special Degree students and lecturers from 4 departments (Linguistics, English, Economics, Sociology) from the Humanities and the Social Sciences, this paper observes that the access and usage of technological tools for research and acquisition of new knowledge largely depend on personal initiative and capacity, given the absence of a uniform system to introduce and orientate students with regard to e-research tools and new technologies which have an immense capacity to enhance undergraduate performance.Item An analysis of pronunciation difficulties encountered by visually impaired Tamil speakers in acquiring English as the second language in Northern Sri Lanka(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Pushparajah, V.This paper aims at updating the difficulties and problems encountered by the visually impaired in acquiring English pronunciation, with special reference to accommodating the phonological features of Tamil speakers in Northern Sri Lanka. Northern Sri Lanka, like many other sectors, is in the process of emerging from a devastating economic meltdown that left many schools without the basic teaching learning resources. Facilities that cater to learners with disabilities and other special educational needs are not readily available. Hence, it is instructive to analyze the learning difficulties in students with visual impairments and to identify the remedial actions that can be undertaken in this regard. Previous studies on Sri Lankan English have little reference to the impact of Tamil in the acquisition of English phonology and almost no attention paid to people with special needs. In the post-conflict context, it is mandatory to undertake a study to analyze the special features of English phonology in Tamil second language learners in the area of special needs education. Therefore, this paper attempts to document the views of both the teachers and the students in secondary education, in special needs education and their difficulties in teaching and learning the pronunciation of English. This study utilizes both quantitative and qualitative data collection, but is rooted in a qualitative epistemological position that recognizes the importance of locating the research within a particular context. A questionnaire was administered and focus group discussions were held with 10 teachers and 25 students of secondary level schools. Thus, this paper hopes to depict a clear description of the English phonological features of the speakers with visual impairment (particularly the secondary level students) of the Northern region of Sri Lanka.Item Teaching of foreign languages in the face of modern technology: New possibilities and shortcomings(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Rajapaksha, U.D.; Kulathungaarachchi, M.S.The teaching of foreign languages has undergone dramatic changes since its initial stage: the method of translation. 21st century foreign language teaching goes hand in hand with the Communicative Approach or the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) method. Instead of rote learning, they are encouraged to communicate in the target language within the classroom. For the Sri Lankan foreign language student, living the language outside the classroom poses a question of feasibility, unless aided by the latest technology. These advanced technologies, especially in the field of information communication technology has opened a multitude of opportunities to language teachers and students. While the language teachers make use of the technology from lesson preparations to oral activities in class, the students equipped with the latest technologies have the capacity to interact using the language, without their actual presence in that culture. They are given the opportunity to interact with native speakers via chat rooms, friend networks; stay updated with current trends, news, popular culture, music and enhance their knowledge via online tutorials, etc. The role played by the University of Kelaniya, by providing foreign language learning opportunities is of immense significance within the whole university system. The objective of this paper is to analyse the practicality and the availability of modern technology within the university and its impact upon the pedagogy of foreign language teaching. The data were gathered using quantative and a qualitative methods, with feedback collected through questionnaires, and detailed interviews with the lecturers and sectional heads of the Departments of Modern Languages and Hindi.Item The velocity of a particle relative to an observer instantaneously at rest coinciding with the point through which the particle passes in a spherical distribution of matter comprising electrically counterpoised dust with constant uniform density(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Wimaladharma, N.A.S.N.; de Silva, N.; Hewageegana, P.S.A sphere comprising a special kind of matter, electrically counterpoised dust in which all the elastic forces have been cancelled out, has been considered. A static spherically symmetric solution to Einstein’s field equations has been found using a new set of boundary conditions. In introducing these new boundary conditions, we assume that the radial coordinates in and out of the sphere need not be the same and we are guided by the notion of what may be called proper distances and proper times of two observers on either side of the sphere. In these new boundary conditions we replace ordinary partial derivatives by generalized partial derivatives in curvilinear coordinates. Then the solution takes the form 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 dr r d l r c dt l r ds 0 r a 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 dR R d R A c dT R A ds R A where l a l a A 2 2 , l r is the solution of the Lane-Emden equation y r lx dx dy x dx d x , 1 2 3 2 , l is a constant of dimension length , a is the coordinate radius of the sphere . In our approach r a in the matter-filled region corresponds to R A in the region without matter, outside the sphere.The velocity of a particle relative to an observer instantaneously at rest coinciding with the point through which the particle passes has been calculated for this metric. Using these values, a minimum value for a measure of energy with which the particle has to be projected at the center of the sphere, to reach infinity has been calculated to be l a l a l a c where c is the velocity of the light. A minimum value for a measure of energy with which the particle has to be projected at the center of the sphere, to reach infinity has also been calculated for metric derived using standard (Lichernowicz) boundary conditions which says that the metric coefficients and their partial derivatives are continuous across the boundary of the sphere. It is shown that we have the same value irrespective of boundary conditions used. Also a minimum value for a measure of energy with which the particle has to be projected at the center of the sphere, to reach the exterior region of the sphere has been calculated to be l a c . The comparison of this value with the value obtained for the metric derived using standard (Lichernowicz) boundary conditions is also done and it is shown that these two values are the same irrespective of the boundary conditions used.Item දඹදෙණි යුගයේ රාජ්ය ආරක්ෂක ව්යූහය(University of Kelaniya, 2013) Sudharmawathie, J.M.