IPRC - 2021
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Item Challenges of farmers for applying new agricultural technologies in Sri Lanka(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Rathnayaka, R. M. Kalindu; Rathnayake, R. M. AuchithyaThis research paper investigates the challenges of the Sri Lankan farmers when they are applying new agricultural technologies. Compared to the past, there is a new revival in the field of agriculture today. The foundations have been laid by the green revolution and genetic technology. Today, many agricultural activities in almost every part of the world have been influenced by the green revolution or genetic technology. The main objective of this research is to identify the challenges faced by farmers in applying new agricultural technology to their farming activities. This study was conducted in a political-ecological approach by using both qualitative and quantitative data. The data have been collected through questionnaires, structured and semi structured interviews, books, magazines, online resources, and 1.50000 digital maps. Samanalabedda GND in Siyabalanduwa DSD in Monaragala district has been selected as the study area. Farmers in the area are making extensive use of the new agricultural technology. Fifty farm families were selected through a random sampling method for this study which represents 20% of the whole study area. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistical technics. Although some crops are introduced to the area; Farmers have not the proper climatic conditions to grow, lack of suitable soil for growing crops introduced to areas, Lack of awareness of farmers about fertilizers and agrochemicals to be applied to crops, due to the high cost of agro-fertilizers and chemicals to be used to crops;high cost on inputs. Accordingly, revealed that Sri Lankan farmers face many challenges in applying new agricultural technology to their farming activities.Item Needs Analysis on English Teaching for Tourism and Hospitality Management Students(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Manathunga, M.A.Muditha LakmaliThis study examines the need for English language teaching for the Tourism and Hospitality Management students in the Sri Lanka Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management. Accordingly, the main objective of the study is to investigate whether there is an area to be improved in the English course according to the needs of the students and ultimately to develop the course to get the best learning outcome from it. This research was conducted in the mixed-method research approach incorporating both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews and the secondary data were collected through journal articles, magazines, book chapters etc. Under the convenience sampling, 30 students who are following the degree program in Tourism and hospitality management were selected as the sample of the study. A questionnaire was shared in Google forms and conducted semi structured interviews with three students. The interviews were conducted after obtaining the responses of the questionnaires to further collect data on the responses obtained from the questionnaire. The questionnaire is given online and consists of questions comprising 5 categories, namely students’ personal information, students’ need for learning English, Language Skills and aspects, satisfaction with the teaching materials and teaching approaches, students’ perception about the English learning process. In addition, semi structured interviews were conducted to get the necessary information on the use of English language materials and teaching approaches used in the classroom. There were 10 questions altogether with two open ended questions and they were analyzed using Minitab Statistical Software and Thematic analysis. After analyzing the data, it was found that the majority of the students focus to master the speaking and writing skills from the course, but they are not satisfied with what they have facilitated to master those skills. Most of the time traditional language teaching approaches were used in language teaching. Accordingly, the results of this need analysis study indicate that new teaching materials focusing on speaking and writing skills should be implemented at this institute and there is a need of updating the teaching materials regularly. The traditional teaching approaches should be replaced with more interactive teaching approaches such as communicative language teaching approach, task-based, content and language integrated teaching approach etc. The teaching materials and approaches should facilitate the needs of the students focusing more on practice rather than theory and English for Specific purposes is recommended.Item ප්‍රගතිවාදී යුගයේ හින්දී නවකතාවට ප්‍රගතිශීලී සාහිත්‍ය ව්‍යාපාරයෙන් සිදුවුණු බලපෑම පිළිබඳ විමසුමක්(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) රත්නායක, ආර්. එම්. පී. එස්. එම්.‘ප්‍රගතිශීලී සාහිත්‍ය ව්‍යාපාරය’ නූතන හින්දී සාහිත්‍යය හැරවුම් ලක්‍ෂයක් වෙත පරිවර්තනය කරන ප්‍රබල චින්තන පද්ධතියක් ලෙස විචාරකයන්ගේ සාකච්ඡාවට ලක් වී ඇත. ‘ප්‍රගතිශීලිත්වය’ විශ්වීය සංකල්පයක් වන අතර 1917 සිදු වූ ඔක්තෝම්බර් විප්ලවයෙන් පසු යුරෝපය කේන්ද්‍ර කරගනිමින් සාහිත්‍ය ව්‍යාපාරයක් ලෙස ගොඩ නැගෙන්නට විය. 1930 දශකයේ මධ්‍ය භාගයේ දී උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා එංගලන්තයට ගොස් සිටි ඉන්දියානු තරුණ බුද්ධිමතුන් විසින් ‘ප්‍රගතිශීලී සාහිත්‍යය සංකල්පය’ ඉන්දියාවට හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. ඉන්දියානු ලේඛකයන් විසින් අතිඋත්කර්ෂවත් අන්දමින් ප්‍රගතිශීලී සාහිත්‍යයේ විශිෂ්ට අරමුණු පිළිගත් අතර 1936 දී ප්‍රේම්චන්ද්ගේ මූලිකත්වයෙන් ‘භාරතීය ප්‍රගතිශීලී ලේඛක සංගමය’ පිහිටුවන ලදි. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලය වූයේ ප්‍රගතිවාදී යුගය නමින් හින්දි සාහිත්‍යයේ යුගයක් ආරම්භ වීමය. ඒ අනුව මෙම අධ්‍යයනයේ අරමුණ වන්නේ ප්‍රගතිවාදී යුගයේ හින්දී සාහිත්‍ය කෙරහි ‘ප්‍රගතිශීලි සාහිත්‍ය ව්‍යාපාරය කොතෙක් දුරට බලපෑ ඇති ද යන්න විමසුමට ලක් කිරීමය. ඉහත ප්‍රගතිශීලී සාහිත්‍ය ව්‍යාපාරයේ බලපෑම හින්දි ගද්‍ය, පද්‍ය සහ විචාර යන ක්ෂේත්ර තුනටම එක සේ ගැළපිය හැකිය. එහෙත් අධ්‍යයනයේ පහසුව සඳහා ප්‍රගතිවාදී යුගයට අයත් තෝරාගත් සුවිශේෂ ගද්‍ය කෘති ඔස්සේ අධ්‍යයනයේ අරමුණ සාක්ෂාත් කරගැනීම සඳහා අවධානය යොමු කර ඇත.Item Sustainability Furtherance of Ceylon Electricity Board Through Recycling of Aluminum Scrap to Aluminum Re-Draw Rod(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Dhanapala, W.C.H.Ceylon Electricity Board uses Aerial Bundled Conductors for replacing existing low voltage bare lines under maintenance work and for newly constructed schemes or new extensions. Aerial Bundle Conductors provide multiple benefits to the electricity distribution network by increasing the network effectiveness and reliability. When the low voltage power lines of bare Aluminum conductors are converted to Aerial Bundle Conductors, the Aluminum conductors are removed as scrap material and nearly 1000 MTon Aluminum scraps are being sold per year at a predetermined price without using it for value addition purposes. Aluminum is one of the most sustainable and efficient material. This metal does not degrade its technical properties due to the process of melting down to its molten form. Therefore, Aluminum can be recycled infinitely. This project involved the study and investigation of the technical and economic feasibility of recycling Aluminum scrap to Aluminum Re-Draw rod rather than manufacturing Re-Draw rods from virgin Aluminum which incurs high cost and contributes to the depletion of Aluminum, a precious metal. 85% scrap Aluminum and only 15% virgin Aluminum were mixed for this process. Testing and detailed analysis were done on chemical composition, electrical properties, mechanical properties and dimensional tolerance to find the technical feasibility of the scrap Aluminum recycling process. It was proven from the tests and analytical results that fabricating Aluminum Re-Draw rods from scrap Aluminum is technically feasible. As per the intermediate testing done for the molten scrap Aluminum, it was explored that the virgin percentage can further be reduced or avoided by adopting proper cleaning and dross removing techniques. From this recycling process of Ceylon Electricity Board, the country can save about US $ 2.3 million (Rs 412 million) foreign exchange per year by converting 1000 MT of scrap Aluminum to Re-Draw Rods every year. According to the cost calculations, the economic benefit of the process of recycling will be more than 50%. Hence this process of recycling scrap Aluminum to Aluminum Re-Draw rod is technically and economically feasible.Item Borrowing as a technique of translating fantasy nomenclature in audiovisual translation: A comparative study(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Nanayakkara, AmayaNomenclature is a system of devising names for things in a particular field of arts or sciences by an individual or a community. The genre of fantasy films in audiovisual translation (AVT) is generally rich with unique nomenclature specific to various fictitious fantasy cultures that are far from the real world. Borrowing is a technique of translation that refers to the utilisation of the same word in the target text as it is found in the source text when equivalent terms are not available in the target language (TL). With the unavailability of corresponding terms for such fictitious nomenclature in a TL, borrowing becomes a befitting translation technique for such terms. The present study investigates the extent to which borrowing is utilised in translating nomenclature in fantasy films in the two most prominent approaches of AVT; Subtitling and Dubbing, and assesses the acceptability of using borrowing for the translation of such terms in each approach. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies are followed in the present study. The English source script and Sinhala subtitled and dubbed scripts of the film trilogy, The Lord of the Rings, were chosen as sample material for the study. The nomenclature that appears on the films referring to people and places were selected for the analysis. From the relevant nomenclature, the terms translated through the technique of borrowing were first identified. The translation quality assessment model by Nababan et al., which allows a third party to rate the acceptability of translations was employed in the present study as a tool of analysis where a group of five AVT experts were asked to assess the acceptability of the utilisation of borrowing as a translation technique. It was identified that, out of the total 157 nomenclature in the English source scripts referring to people and places, 125 terms (79.62%) in the subtitled version and 101 terms (64.33%) in the dubbed version had been translated through the technique of borrowing thereby suggesting that both approaches follow the technique of borrowing in translating most of the nomenclature. In assessing the acceptability of the utilisation of borrowing in translating nomenclature, the ratings of the experts have demonstrated that, out of the 125 borrowed terms in the subtitled version referring to people and places, 54 terms (43.2%) were less acceptable, and 71 terms (56.8%) were not acceptable. Out of the 101 borrowed terms in the dubbing translation, 74 terms (73.27%) were marked acceptable, and 27 terms (26.73%) were marked less acceptable. It was observed through the qualitative analysis that the borrowed terms which are marked as not acceptable in the subtitled version were directly borrowed and displayed in English spellings in the form of pure borrowings, thereby affecting the standard Sinhala language norms. Even though the terms are also directly borrowed in the dubbed version, they are adapted towards the TL through Sinhala spellings in the dubbing script, thus making them naturalised borrowings. In contrast to subtitled borrowings that are expected to be read, dubbed borrowings are only heard by the audience without influencing the readability factor. The study concludes that in translating nomenclature, borrowings in the form of naturalised borrowing are much likely to be acceptable in AVT than pure borrowings.Item ගෘහස්ථ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයට ලක් වු ශ්‍රි ලාංකික කාන්තාවන්ගේ සංකූටිත භාර්යා සහලක්ෂණය පිළිබද මනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක අධ්‍යනයක්(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Maduwanthi, Iresha S.Aගෘහස්ථ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය කාන්තාවට එරෙහිව සමස්ථ ලෝකය තුළම පොදුවේ සිදුවන බරපතල අපරාධයකි. ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ වර්තමානය වන විට ගෘහස්ථ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය සුලභව වාර්තාවන අපරාධයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර එලෙස ගෘහස්ථ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයට ලක්වන කාන්තාවන් කායික, මානසික සහ සාමාජීය වශයෙන් විශාල පීඩනයකට ලක් වීම අනිවාර්යය තත්ත්වයක් බවට පත්වී ඇත. ගෘහස්ථ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයට ලක් වන කාන්තාව එයට දක්වන කායික, මානසික හා චර්යාමය ප්‍රතිචාර සමුහයක් ලෙස සහභාර්යා (Battered women syndrome) සහලක්ෂණය හදුනාගත හැකිය. ඒ අනුව ගෘහස්ථ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයට ලක් වු ශ්‍රී ලංකික කාන්තාවන් තුළ සංකූටිත භාර්යා සහලක්ෂණය පවතී ද යන්න අධ්‍යනය කිරීම මෙම පර්යේෂණයේ මූලික අරමුණ විය. තව ද සංකූටිත භාර්යා සහලක්ෂණය (Battered women syndrome) සමග වෙනත් මානසික රෝග ඇති වීම අතර සහසම්බන්ධතාවය හදුනාගැනීම, සංකූටිත භාර්යා සහලක්ෂණයේ (Battered women syndrome) බලපෑමෙහි වෙනස අධ්‍යනය කිරීම මෙම පර්යේෂණයෙහි සෙසු අරමුණ විය. ඒ අනුව පර්යේෂණය සදහා ගෘහස්ථ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයට ලක් වු වයස අවුරුදු 18 ත් 45 ත් අතර කාන්තාවන් 15 දෙනකු නියැදිය ලෙස තෝරා ගනිමින් සංකූටිත භාර්යා සහලක්ෂණයේ (Battered women syndrome) ලක්ෂණ ඇතුළත් ප්‍රශ්නාවලියක් ලබා දෙමින් පර්යේෂණය සදහා අවශ්‍ය දත්ත රැස් කරන ලදී. රැස් කරන ලද දත්ත ප්‍රමාණාත්මකව විශ්ලේශණය කරන ලදී. පර්යේෂණ ප්‍රතිඵල අනුව සංකූටිත භාර්යා සහලක්ෂණයට (Battered women syndrome) අයත් කායික, මානසික හා චර්යාමය ලක්ෂණ අවම වශයෙන් එක් ලක්ෂණය බැගින් ගෘහස්ථ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයට ලක් වු කාන්තාවන් තුළ දක්නට ලැබෙන බව මෙන්ම කායික ලක්ෂණ වලට සාපේක්ෂව මානසික හා චර්යාමය ලක්ෂණ සංඛ්‍යානමය වශයෙන් වැඩි අගයක් පෙන්වන බව සොයාගත හැකි විය. තවදල සංකූටිත භාර්යා සහලක්ෂණය (Battered women syndrome) තීව්‍ර මට්ටමින් පරීක්ෂාමාණීන් තුළ පවතින බවත්, සංකූටිත භාර්යා සහලක්ෂණය (Battered women syndrome) සහ වෙනත් මානසික රෝග ඇති වීම අතර ඉහළ ධනාත්මක සහසම්බන්ධයක් පවතිත බවත්ල සංකූටිත භාර්යා සහලක්ෂණයේ (Battered women syndrome) රෝග ලක්ෂණ අතර ඉහළ ධනාත්මක සහසම්බන්ධයක් පවතිත බව පර්යේෂණ ප්‍රතිඵල අනුව සොයා ගැණිනි. ඒ අනුව ගෘහස්ථ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයට ලක් වු ශ්‍රී ලංකික කාන්තාවන් තුළ සංකූටිත භාර්යා සහලක්ෂණය (Battered women syndrome) පවතීි යන්න සහ ඒ සමඟ වෙනත් මානසික රෝග ඇති වන බව පර්යේෂණයේ ප්‍රතිඵල අනුව නිගමනය කල හැකි විය. ඒ අනුව ගෘහස්ථ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයට ලක් වු කාන්තාවන්ගේ මානසික සෞඛ්‍ය තත්ත්වය නගා සිටුවීම සදහා උපදේශන සහ මනෝ ප්‍රතිකාර වැඩසටහන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ ඔවුන් ඒ සදහා යොමු කිරීම අවශ්‍ය සාධකයක් ලෙස පර්යේෂණයේ දී තහුවුරු වියග මීට අමතරව අනාගත පර්යේෂණයක් සදහා සමාජය තුල ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ක්‍රියාවන්ට ලක් වු පුරුෂයින් තුල සංකූටිත පුද්ගල ව්‍යසන ලක්ෂණ පවතීි ද යන්න අධ්‍යනය කිරීම සහ සංකූටිත ව්‍යසන සහ ලක්ෂණයේ බලපෑම අතර සහසම්බන්ධතාය සෙවීම සුදුසු යැයි යෝජනා කල හැකිය.Item Development of a model to enhance students’ engagement in asynchronous online lectures(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Rupasinghe, Thilini P.A key challenge faced by Sri Lankan educators in recent years is the emergency and unplanned shift to online teaching from traditional face-to-face teaching, as a consequence unexpected Covid -19 outbreak. This was totally a new experience for Sri Lankan university students as well as for academics and was a huge challenge to the whole community owing to several issues such as lack of internet access, lack of available devices, lack of experience and financial and social issues. Despite these challenges, educators moved forward with online teaching by conducting lectures in real-time synchronous mode (via zoom / Teams platforms) and asynchronous mode (recorded lectures). And out of these two, the asynchronous mode was more popular among students due to facts such as any time accessibility to materials which reduced the cost as students could access them when data rates are lower, ability to repeat the lectures and go through them over and over and flexibility. However, a key disadvantage of asynchronous mode is the lack of student engagement and lack of active learning, which are principle components of lifelong and meaningful undergraduate education. This paper discusses the development and the implementation of the following model to overcome this issue and make the asynchronous learning process more active with enhanced student- lecturer interaction. In this model, major theory components were introduced to students using short lectures videos (< 20 mins) developed through the concept of micro-learning, followed by a worksheet related to the theoretical component covered in the video. Students were given 2 days to complete this and upload it to the LMS. Further, the forum question feature available in the Moodle platform was successfully utilized to create a dynamic environment by enhancing students’ engagement and participation. Deliberately developed questions covering common misconceptions were posted as forum questions and the students were given marks for answering these questions. And, the lecturer was also actively involved in the process by providing feedback to their answers. After the submission of the worksheet, the lecturer conducted a real-time online session called “Virtual office hour”, which was designed to answer questions of students. Key feature of this session was, students were asked to come up with questions they have related to theory component, worksheet and the forum questions. This solely was a student driven session and was structured to be different from a typical tutorial session by putting the students in the driving seat of learning, thus making it more active learning. Participation in this virtual session was entirely voluntarily and if students have unclear theory parts, they were encouraged to join and get them clarified. Finally, students were given a challenge question which requires higher order thinking, which allowed the instructor to gain an insight into the level of students’ understanding. Further, students’ perception on this model was investigated using a questionnaire and according to data, a higher degree of student satisfaction was observed. Moreover, the proposed model helps to increase students’ trust in the teacher’s care of their learning, which is crucial in the current online teaching paradigm.Item Challenges Faced by Parents When Providing Education to the Students Who Are Studying in Special Need Education Units(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Rathnayake, R. M. Auchithya; Rathnayaka, R. M. KalinduIn the education system, teaching is done by dividing the children into two main categories i.e. special and normal children. This pretext is based on their so-called physical and mental abilities. According to their abilities, either child is studying in normal classrooms or special classrooms. In order to teach students who has special needs, special teaching units have been formed. When teaching in those units, a special teaching mechanism is used. It is called the Integrated Education System (IES). In these units, specialized and well-trained teachers identify the needs of children and teach them through these IESs. But even though this process affected the differently-abled child, real repercussions are faced by the parents. In other words, parents are the particular persons who face challenges when they educate their children. In that sense, parents are facing lots of troublesome consequences not only in society but also in the smallest social institute; family. Accordingly, to address the above issue, the research problem has been made to find out the challenges faced by the parents in providing education to the students who are studying in the special education units. The research aims to identify the challenges that parents face in providing education to students, who are studying in special education units. The research has been conducted from an inductive approach. Thus, this has been studied as a qualitative study by collecting qualitative data under a qualitative methodology. Primary data was collected by doing in-depth interviews. As secondary data, data from journals, research reports, and statistics were gathered. The research findings were; Inadequate transportation facilities to and from school for special children, economic hardship, abuse of special needs children in the school environment, abusing attempts by ordinary people, frustration over the fate of children with the sudden death of parents and especially, parents are being marginalized in social gatherings has been identified. The conclusion of the study was; Although the special education system has taken a positive approach in the Sri Lankan education system, it has also contributed to the exclusion and labelling of children with special needs in society at school. But that education system is the only support for these families. No matter what social strata they represent, all the families have uncertainty about the future of their child/ren. Though this situation is unfair, the parents are willing the betterment of their children after their death. Therefore, they are thinking that facing harsh challenges will be nothing on behalf of the betterment of their future. And this is equally challenging for the different social strata of society. Accordingly, it is not wrong to point out that through this system of education, a section of the population of the country faces mental frustrations in their daily lives but the government has not taken up an adequate level of effort for new education reform for them.Item Female Body and the flow of colonization: The Sleeping Dictionary(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Manathunga, M.A.Muditha LakmaliColonialism was a global entity in the world that had amalgamated with drastic economic and political dimensions of power. This philanthropic mission had followed by the exploitation of inhabitants in backward nations of the world. Significantly, the gender binary disposition upheld by colonialism viewed females’ as a stereotypical inferior group and as objects of physical and sexual labor. The violence of the colonial establishment had made sexual violence and females’ as a vulnerable specie to sexual exploitation. The major objective of the study is to upsize ‘The Sleeping Dictionary’ (2003) by Guy Jenkin as a dual categorization of the female body which her objectification created herself as a drastic form of resistance to the realm of colonization. The dual-positioning of the non-white female body as a powerful entity of resisting colonial hegemony becomes controversial. The research is predominantly qualitative in nature and the researcher employed feminist theories of Simon de Beauvoir, Judith Butler and the Male Gaze theory of Laura Mulvey with Postcolonial theories of Homi.K. Bhabha and Edward.W. Said which utilized the exploitation of the colonized in the guise of a philanthropic mission. In analysis and interpretation, the researcher utilizes a Literary and a Content analysis. Accordingly, the objectification of the female body as a sleeping dictionary had elevated to a position to resist the colonial dominance. The White maser’s desire for the non- European female body surpassed hegemonic polarizations imposed by the colonial regime. In a political appeal, the evocation of the female to resist the colonizer surpassed the sexual exploitation of herself as a sleeping dictionary with the materialization of female emotions by the colonizer. The political appeal to Romance had reinforced in a way the extreme objectification of the female body had granted a transitory position by her employment of feelings to resist the colonial strata. The practice of learning Indigenous dialects through the female body and with erotic teaching aids suggests a different appeal to female exploitation. The myth inculcated about the possibility to acquire a dialect in a form of a sexual rapport positioned the extent of marginalization imposed on a female body. Selima’s revelation of her generational legacy as a sleeping dictionary articulates the long-lasting continuity of sexual objectification. John’s rapport with Selima positioned beyond a mere sexual relationship to an authentic rapport. It is through John, the colonizer, Selima granted the opportunity to position herself beyond a sexual object. John’s ultimate decision to untie with Selima by traversing through a plethora of conflicts and psychological traumas, elevated Selima’s successful trajectory from sexual marginalization of colonialism. John’s capability to surpass hegemonic ideals of colonialism positioned himself as a humane figure who identified Selima more than an object of sexuality. The employment of the gaze of the colonizer to value the colonial female body depicts a novice approach to the movie by locating the non- white female body as a powerful mechanism to resist the colonial regime.Item හින්දී සහ සිංහල භාෂාවල බහුවචන පද නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ නීති තුලනාත්මක අධ්‍යයනයක්(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) මුදාගෙ, ජනනිභාෂාවක ව්‍යුහය නිර්මාණය වීමේ දී ශබ්ද, අකුරු, වචන, පද, වාක්‍ය ආදිය ඉතා වැදගත් සාධක වේ. ඕනෑම භාෂාවක මුඛ්‍ය ව්‍යාකරණ කොටස ලෙස වචන හදුන්වා දිය හැකි ය. එහි දී වචන - ඒකවචන සහ බහුවචන ලෙස කොටස් දෙකකට බෙදා වෙන් කිරීම භාෂා ව්‍යාකරණයේ සුවිශේෂ සාධකයකි. හින්දී සහ සිංහල යන භාෂා දෙකෙහි ම මාතෘ භාෂාව සංස්කෘත භාෂාව වීම හේතුවෙන් මෙම භාෂා දෙකෙහි ම සමානතා බොහොමයක් ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂ ලෙස හඳුනා ගත හැකි ය. හින්දී සහ සිංහල යන භාෂා දෙකෙහි ම ඒකවචන බහුවචන නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ නීති සුවිශේෂ ව්‍යාකරණ අංගයක් ලෙස අධ්‍යයනයට ලක් කළ හැකි ය. එම නීති මාලාව සැකසීමේ දී හින්දී භාෂාවේ දී ලිංග භේදය පදනම් කරගැනීමත් සිංහල භාෂාවේ දී ප්‍රාණවාචී අප්‍රාණවාචී බව පදනම් කරගැනීමත් සුවිශේෂ සාධකයකි. ඒ අනුව භාෂා දෙකෙහිදී ම වචනයකට ප්‍රත්‍ය එක් කිරීමෙන් ද වචනයකින් ප්‍රත්‍ය ඉවත් කිරීමෙන් ද ඇතැම් විට කිසිදු වෙනසක් සිදු නොකිරීමෙන් ද ඒකවචන බහුවචන පද සාධනය කරනු ලබයි. ඒ අනුව හින්දී සහ සිංහල භාෂාවල ඒකවචන බහුවචන පද නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ නීති පිළිබද තුලනාත්මක අධ්‍යයනයක් සිදු කිරීම මෙම පර්යේෂණයේ අරමුණ වන අතර හින්දී සහ සිංහල භාෂාවල ඒකවචන බහුවචන පද නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ දී සමානතා මෙන් ම අසමානතා ද නිරීක්ෂණය කළ හැකි බව මෙම අධ්‍යයනයේ දී නිගමනය කළ හැකි ය.Item Personal Deixis in Hindi and Sinhala Languages(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Hirimuthugoda, Hasara DasuniPragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which is concerned on how speech situation or context shapes meaning of a communicative act. Pragmatics focuses on conversational implicatures and factors like situational context, mental status of the individuals and proceeding dialogues shape what speaker implies and a listener infers. Deixis belongs to the field of pragmatics, and it refers to the phenomenon where meaning of words and phrases in an utterance require contextual information to understand the meaning. Deictic words are bound to the context linguistically or extra-linguistically. There are five deictic categories identified in literature: personal deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis. Personal deixis or person deixis deals with the correct identification of the grammatical persons used to refer to the speaker, addressee or any other person or an animal. Personal deixis is mainly focused on pronouns. First and second person pronouns typically refer to the speaker and hearer of the speech context, whereas third person pronouns refer to the non-speech or narrated participant. This research was focused to find how to identify personal deixis in Hindi and Sinhala languages with special reference to the use of pronouns. Hence, first person, second person and third person pronouns are considered as the limitation of the study. Research questions of this research were who are referred by the pronouns used in an utterance in Hindi and Sinhala, how much occurrences are made when the pronouns change with the use of cases and how the deictic meaning of a pronoun is conferred in an utterance? This comparative study is based on personal findings about deictic meanings and literature review based on personal deixis and the use of pronouns in Hindi and Sinhala languages. It was discovered through the research that the pronouns which refer to personal deixis and the pronouns used to refer to proximal and distant human or non-human beings are higher in number in Sinhala in comparison with Hindi because of diglossia, which means the use of two varieties of the same language for speaking and writing. In contrary, number of occurrences which are made when the pronouns change with the use of cases are higher in Hindi than Sinhala. In addition, the use of pronouns which connote honor, disrespect and equal status is evident in both Hindi and Sinhala and their number is higher in Sinhala than in Hindi. These deictic differences in Hindi and Sinhala languages must be taken into consideration in utterances as well as Hindi to Sinhala and vice versa translations. Adaptation or the use of proper nouns can be suitable in occasions where the meaning becomes ambiguous when using pronouns. This research can be useful for Sinhala learners of Hindi and Hindi learners of Sinhala to identify the differences of personal deixis of Hindi and Sinhala languages. Moreover, understanding of deictic differences can be useful in Hindi to Sinhala and vice versa translations.Item Translators at the Risk of Technology Taking Over; A Linguistic Analysis Based on Translation and Technology(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Dissanayake, Shivanka Ayanthi; Wanasinghe, W.M.S.P.KHuman Translators are being inter-cultural emissaries since the dawn of languages and that has made communication a supreme element. But human intelligence was eventually threatened by artificial intelligence, in which, most industries were began to invade by machines, and translation industry was no exception. As the result computer aided translation tools and translation software were emerged to enhance the productivity of human translators, which later revolutionized their profession. At present there remains controversial fact of artificial intelligence being invaded the human creativity of translators. Hence, this study focusses on how translators should survive at the risk. To examine this fact, primary data were collected from selected translators and IT professionals across the globe via questionnaire, interviews and focus group discussions and secondary data were gathered through archivals. It is still a phantom to beat human creativity by any machines, accordingly, the study identifies technological gap between professional translators, in country and language wise as the real risk in competitive language market. Based on findings, it is an essential requirement of the language market to produce poli-literate translators to perform challenging role as globalized communicators with localization specialties.Item Cyber Insurance in Sri Lanka(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Wanigasingha, C.B.In today’s industry is interconnected via the internet, it is very impossible to remain isolated from online communication and e-commerce and make all systems immune to data outage and data-breach, hence cyber risk exists everywhere. Cyber Insurance is a novel part of risk management strategy, which is to cover any cost that might occur as the result of any kind of data breach, business losses, forensic investigation cost, notification cost and addressing lawsuit and extortion attempts. This article is a background investigation of Cyber Insurance challenges and benefits in Sri Lanka, based on insurance companies and customer’s perspectives. As a result of the novel concept of Sri Lanka Cyber Insurance-related, literature reported very rarely. And finally, a review paper proposes directions for further advances in future research papers. Cyber insurer needs to find a way to cover large cyber-attacks. Despite policymaking, insurers need to be aware of current threats, attacks, and technologies for an upgrade or rewrites policies. And cyber security must be addressed by both state and private sectors. The state can maintain a police and justice system to reduce threats. But protection against cyber-attack can’t provide state alone. Private sector also needs to actively participate to make rules, regulations, and policies. The cyber insurance market in Sri Lanka is still small, with the support of positive internal and external factors it has good growth potential. Considering the global data breach losses due to cyber-attacks, shows that Sri Lanka cyber insurance does not cover losses, levels that need in global standards. Due to small coverage, compared with the cost of the premium fee is not acceptable by the majority of organizations. And also, Sri Lanka digital policy laws, data protection regulations, cyber acts do not mature enough to provide efficient legal protection and support. However, Sri Lankan cyber insurers face significant challenges, such as lack of historical data, lack of imagination and predictability, lack of market participants, and the possibility of interrelated large cyber-attacks. During the month of May frequently more cyberattacks are experienced. Because of that more organizations in Sri Lanka are searching for cyber insurance coverage to overcome this risk.Item උඩරට වෙස් නර්තනයේ අද්‍යතන විශේෂතා පිළිබඳ විශ්ලේෂණයක්(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Madhusankha, Bhagya R.A.උඩරට නර්තන සම්ප්‍රදායේ ප්‍රධානතම නර්තන ක්‍රමය වෙස් නර්තනයයි. “වෙස්” යන්නෙහි අර්ථය වේශය හෙවත් උපකල්පිත පෙනුම යන්නයි. මෙහිදී උඩරට නර්තන ශිල්පීන්ගේ මතය වෙස් ඇඳුම යනු මලය රජුගේ සිව් සැටක් ආභරණ කට්ටලයෙන් හරි අඩක් බවත් එය කොහොඹා දෙවියන්ගේ ඇඳුම් කට්ටලය බවත්ය. එනිසා වෙස් ඇඳුම හා වෙස් නර්තනය තුළ ඇදහිලි හා විශ්වාස සමග බැඳුනු පූජාර්ථයක් ගැබ්වී ඇත. අංග සම්පූර්ණ වෙස් ඇඳුමින් සැරසුණු ශිල්පියා “යක් දෙස්සා” ලෙස හඳුන්වයි. අතීතයේදී කොහොඹා කංකාරිය, වලියකුම, කඩවර කංකාරිය ආදී උඩරට ශාන්තිකර්ම වලට පමණක් වෙස් ඇඳුම හා වෙස් නැටුම භාවිතා කර ඇති අතර මෙය තාණ්ඩව ලක්ෂණ වලින් යුතු පුරුෂ පාර්ශවය පමණක් ඉදිරිපත් කරන නර්තනයකි. යටත් විජිත සමයේදී ඇති වූ සමාජ, ආර්ථික හා දේශපාලනික තත්වයන් නිසා වෙස් නර්තනය පෙර තත්වයෙන් මිදී විනෝදාස්වාදය මුල් වූ නර්තන ක්‍රමයක් ලෙස පරිවර්තනය වී ඇත. අද්‍යතනය වන විට මෙහි මූලික භාවිතයන් හා හර පද්ධතීන් ගිලිහී හුදෙක් පෙරහැර , ප්‍රභූන් පිළිගැනීමට හා ප්‍රාසාංගික වේදිකා නර්තනයක් හා සංචාරක ප්‍රවර්ධන අංගයක් වී ඇත. එමෙන්ම 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ කාන්තාවන් නර්තනයට පිවිසීම හා චන්ද්‍රලේඛා පෙරේරා මහත්මිය හා පසු කිහිප වතාවක්ම කාන්තාවන් වෙස් ආභරණ පැළඳ නර්තනය කිරීම සිදු විය. මෙම තත්වයන් මත සාම්ප්‍රදායික වෙස් නර්තනයේ ඇති අරමුණු පූජාර්ථය තාණ්ඩව ලක්ෂණ හා චලන තුළ අර්ථ නිෂ්පත්ති වැනි විශේෂතා අද්‍යතනය තුළ දක්නට ලැබේද යන්න විමර්ශණය මෙහි අධ්‍යයන ගැට`එව විය. එමගින් අද්‍යතන වෙස් නර්තනය තුළ දක්නට ලැබෙන විශේෂතා කවරේදැයි සොයා බැලීම මෙහි අරමුණ වේ. මානව වංශ පර්යේෂණයන්ට අයත් මෙම අධ්‍යයනයේදී ගුණාත්මක ක්‍රමවේදය හා දත්ත ලබා ගැනීමේ දී ප්‍රාථමික මූලාශ්‍ර, ද්විතියික මූලාශ්‍ර යොදා ගැණිනි. ක්ෂේත්ර අධ්‍යයන යටතේ කෑගල්ල, කුරුණෑගල, මහනුවර ප්‍රදේශවල පාරම්පරික යක් දෙහි ගුරුවරු අට දෙනෙක් සමඟ සාකච්ඡා කිරිම සිදුවිය. කොහොඹා කංකාරිය පෙරහැර, සංදර්ශණ හා පිළිගැනීම් හෝ නර්තන අවස්ථා නිරීක්ෂණය හා ශිල්පීන් සමග සාකච්ඡා කිරීම තුළින් ද දත්ත ලබා ගැනීම සිදු විය. පුස්තකාල අධ්‍යයනය තුළින් ද්විතියික මූලාශ්‍ර පරිශීලනය කර නිගමන වලට එළඹිණි. අද්‍යතනයේ පුද්ගලයා තම විවිධ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනිමට ශාන්තිකර්ම පැවැත්වීම ඉතා විරල වී ඇති අතර වෙස් නර්තනය හා බැඳුනු උඩරට ශාන්තිකර්ම දක්නට දුර්ලභය. උඩරට වෙස් නැටුම ශාන්තිකර්ම වලට වඩා විනෝදාස්වාදය, වාණිජ අරමුණු උදෙසා සමාජ ගත වී ඇති බව පැහැදිලි විය. විවාහ උත්සව හා ආරාධිත පිළිගැනීම් ආදියටත් වේදිකා නර්තනයටත් පෙරහැර නර්තනයටත් මෙම නර්තන ක්‍රමය සුලබව භාවිතා වේ. අද්‍යතනය තුල වෙස් ආභරණ නිර්මාණය, හිස වෙස් තැබීම ආදියද නිසි ප්‍රමිතීන් හා චාරිත්‍රානුකූලව සිදු වන බව ද ගැට`එ සහගතය. එමෙන්ම වෙස් නර්තනය හා බැඳි සාම්ප්‍රදායික හර පද්ධතීන් හා ශාන්තිකර්ම නර්තන ඉගෙනීම සඳහා නවක ශිල්පීන්ගේ ප්‍රවනතාවය අඩුය. වෙස් ඇඳුම් සැරසී අංග, ප්‍රත්‍යාංග, උපාංග විනෝදාස්වාදය පිණිස චලනය කිරිම විනා වෙස් නර්තනය හස්ත හා පාද චලනවල අර්ථ නිෂ්පත්තිය හා ආධ්‍යාත්මික ලක්ෂණ අද්‍යතනය තුළ ගිලිහී යමින් ඇති බවත් මෙම අධ්‍යයනය තුළින් අනාවරණය විය.Item USER PERCEPTION ABOUT THE LIBRARY SERVICES: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WAYAMBA UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Jayawardana, K.G.I.; Dayananda, A.P.M.M.D.B.The study sought to identify user perception about the quality of library services: with special reference to Wayamba University of Sri Lanka. Library customers expect different quality of services from their libraries. Epecially university library is a heart of the university, so it is depend on the quality of its services. The objectives of the present study are to examine the purpose of a visit to the library, user perception about the library staff, perception about services rendered in the library, user satisfaction with library services and user perception about library service quality. The simple random sampling technique was used and 200 questionnaires were distributed among student to collect relevant data and 180 questionnaires were received back. The response rate was 90%. The finding of the study shows that 97 (54%) respondents visited the library to find information, majority 165 (92%) of respondents mentioned that library staff who understand my information need, more than 75% have agreed to the printed materials are available in the library, 145 (81%) respondents mentioned that the library is a gateway for study, research or research, more than 66% respondents had mentioned that generally satisfy with library support and most of them are mentioned that library has quality services. The study suggested that library services should be implemented and make aware user that services, library staff need to make arrangements to fulfill users’ information needs and should be implemented new library services through online.Item මාර්ගගත ක්‍රමය ඔස්සේ හින්දී භාෂාව ඉගෙනීමේ දී මතු වන ශබ්ද විද්‍යාත්මක දෝෂ පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනාත්මක අධ්‍යයනයක්(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) ප්‍රේමතිලක, එච්. අයිභාෂාව යනු, සජීවී මාධ්‍යය කි. භාෂාවෙහි ප්‍රමුඛ වන්නේ භාෂණය යි. භාෂණය මත ලේඛනය රඳා පවතී. විදේශ භාෂා අධ්‍යයනය අතින් බැලූ කල විදේශ භාෂාවක් ඉගෙනීම සාර්ථක වන්නේ ගුරුවරයා සහ සිසුවා මුහුණට මුහුණලා සිදු කරනු ලබන සිදු කරනු ලබන ඉගැනුම් ඉගැන්වීම් ක්‍රියාවලිය තුළ ය. විශේෂයෙන් අදාළ භාෂාවේ මූලික උච්චාරණ පිළිබඳ පැහැදිලි අවබෝධකින් තොරාව භාෂාව නිවැරදිව ග්‍රහණය කර ගැනීම අපහසු ය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අ.පො.ස සාමාන්‍ය පෙළ, අ.පො.ස උසස් පෙළ සහ විශ්වවිද්‍යාල මට්ටමින් විදේශ භාෂාවක් ලෙස හින්දී භාෂාව ඉගෙන ගන්නා සිසුන් බොහෝ ප්‍රමාණයක් සිටින අතර කොවිඩ් වසංගතය හමුවේ දැනට වසර දෙකක පමණ සිට ඔවුන් හින්දී භාෂාව ඉගෙන ගනු ලබන්නේ මාර්ගගත ක්‍රමය ඔස්සේ ය. මෙලෙස මාර්ගගත ක්‍රමය ඔස්සේ හින්දී භාෂාව ඉගැන්වීමේ දී සිසුන් අතින් සිදුවන කෙටිකාලීන සහ දිගුකාලීන උච්චාරණ දෝෂ කවරේ ද යන්න හඳුනාගැනීම මෙම පර්යේෂයේ අරමුණ විය. මෙම පර්යේෂණයේ ගැටලුව වන්නේ, මාර්ගගත ක්‍රමය ඔස්සේ සිදුවන ඉගැන්වීම් ක්‍රියාවලිය තුළ හින්දී භාෂාවේ මූලික ශබ්ද හඳුනාගැනීම කෙතරම් දුරට සාර්ථක ද යන්නයි. මෙම පර්යේෂණාත්මක අධ්‍යයනය සඳහා 2023 වසරේ අ.පො.ස උසස් පෙළ ලිවීමට නියමිත සිසුන් 30 දෙනකුගෙන් යුතු නියැදියක් තෝරා ගනු ලැබීය. මෙහිදී ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡා, ප්‍රශ්ණාවලි සහ සහතික මූලාශ්‍රය වශයෙන් පොත්පත් ආශ්‍රයෙන් ද තොරතුරු රැස් කර ගන්නා ලදී. තොරතුරු විශ්ලේෂණය ශබ්ද විද්‍යාත්මක මූලධර්ම ඔස්සේ සිදු කරන ලදී. මෙම පර්යේෂණය මගින් හඳුනාගත් ගැටලු අතරින් උච්චාරණ ස්ථානය සහ කාරණය ගුරුවරයාට භෞතිකව පෙන්වීමට අපහසු බැවින් අර්ධ සංවෘත මධ්‍ය ආකුචිත දීර්ඝ ශබ්දය උච්චාරණය අපහසු වීම, අර්ධ විවෘත පූර්ව විකුචිත දීර්ඝ ශබ්දය උච්චාරණය අපහසු වීම නිසා සිංහල භාෂාවේ ‘ඒ‘ ශබ්දයට සමාන ව උච්චාරණය කිරීමෙන් ලේඛන දෝෂ හට ගැනීම, අනුනාසිකය කිසිලෙසක උච්චාරණය නොකිරීම, හින්දී වාක්‍ය අවසානයට ‘හෑ˚‘ පාදය යෙදීමේදී “‘හෑ‘ වලට තිතක් එනවා” යි විස්තර කර පැවසීම ආදිය ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. ඒ අනුව, මාර්ගගත ක්‍රමය ඔස්සේ හින්දී භාෂාව ඉගෙන ගැනීමේදී හින්දී භාෂාවේ මූලික උච්චාරණ ක්‍රම රාශියක් සිසුන්ට ග්‍රහණය කර ගැනීමට අපහසු බව නිගමනය කළ හැකි ය.Item Shifting teachers’ insights towards utilizing mobile based learning technologies in covid 19 pandemic situation(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Dolawattha, D.D.M.; Premadasa, H. K. SalindaIt is very important to change the way of pursuing learning activities since the learning environment is changing every day due to various reasons such as advancement of the technology, health concerns such as present COVID pandemic situations, etc. For these reasons, one of the prevailing possibilities to change the method of academic service delivery is the use of mobile-based learning technologies. It is interesting to discuss that how teachers absorb mobile-based learning technologies when their academic services are disseminated. The main objective of this study is to identify the influencing factors for teachers to adopt mobile-based learning sources such as mobile learning applications, learning web portals, gamification, augmented reality, Learning tools (Chat, forums, assignments, quizzes, video, etc.), digital libraries, and learning management systems (LMS) in primary, secondary, and higher education. The study uses quantitative research methodology by utilizing data collected through an online survey questionnaire to understand the most significant factors for teachers’ perception to opt for mobile-based learning technologies. The sample of the study consists of 75 primary and secondary teaches who work in local schools and higher education institutes in Sri Lanka. The proposed impact model for teachers’ insight to utilize mobile-based technologies in education under COVID 19 pandemic situation, consists of six impact factors such as interactivity, usefulness, ease of use, facilitating conditions, ICT self-efficacy, and ICT Anxiety. The questionnaire includes six questions developed based on the proposed impact model. The five-point Likert scale values one to five for strongly disagree to strongly agree was used in the questionnaire to convert user responses and do statistical analysis. The statistical analysis was done using the Pearson correlation coefficient test to test the hypothesis and calculate the correlations among impact factors in the proposed model. The MINITAB computer application for windows was used to carry out the statistical calculations. According to the study results, correlations of each observed variable of the proposed impact models were greater than 0.5 and closer to 1. Therefore, each impact factor in the proposed model is strongly connected with the latent variable “teachers’ insight to utilize mobile-based technologies in education under COVID 19 pandemic situation”. This denotes that the teachers’ insight to utilize mobile-based technologies in education under the COVID 19 pandemic situation depends on mobile-based technologies’ integrated qualities such as interactivity, usefulness, ease of use, and facilities available, and also teachers’ ICT self-efficacy, and ICT Anxiety. However, according to the study results, the most significant factor for teachers’ mobile-based technology usage is ‘Facilitating Condition’. Finally, it can be concluded that the teachers are influenced by the facilities available in the mobile-based learning technologies. And they have realized the appropriateness of mobile-based learning technologies for learning in COVID pandemic situations especially in quarantined isolations and lockdown restrictions.Item Information Need and Information Seeking Behavior of the School Children’s: With special reference to Ambepussa Maha Vidyalaya, Warakapola, Sri Lanka(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Jayawardana, T.C.V.Information has become a living thing in the 21st century. Information seeking patterns is consisted to be different among user groups. In the present study an attempt is made to investigate the Information Need and Information Seeking Behavior of the School Children’s in Ambepussa Maha Vidyalaya, Warakapola, Sri Lanka. The survey was conducted of the school children to know the answer of questions such as information needs, information seeking behavior, organization of the materials, services of the library, library staff, use of internet, search engines, web browsers, information sources, need of information and purpose of information, etc. The survey was conducted by using questionnaires with close and open ended questions. Students (100) were selected for the study and 88 responded and the rate was 88% from school. Considering the reasons for information seeking 59% mentioned as education and research purpose. Most of them mentioned that text books are the best source for seeking information. Majority of the responded mentioned that browse the internet is best method for seeking information. 100% students use the internet. Interestingly, 89% feel that electronic from is convenient. There are good percentages of users 59% who are satisfied with the services of the library but others wish for improvements. The study recommends library awareness programs for students to make aware of library resources and better utilization of the library services; it is also recommended that the library should join with other school libraries for more resources and services.Item The Effects of Thermal Treatment on Antioxidant Properties of Fruit Peels from Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivars Grown in Sri Lanka(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Panapitiya, P.D.S.N.H.; Weerasooriya, M.K.B.Pomegranate peel (PP), a primary by-product of the pomegranate juice producing industry, is reported to possess diverse range of bioactive compounds which are believed to bear anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In recent years, natural antioxidants are gaining more and more attention due to its possible medicinal and food applications and have preferred by consumers over synthesized antioxidants. Heat treatment is known as processing step for fruit peels to release variety of bound polyphenolics from tissues of peels by improving their bioavailability or modifying chemical structure to enhance absorption, and to intensify nutritional effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of heat treatment on antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel (PP) of Sri Lankan cultivars, named as Nayana, Kalpitiya red, and Nimali. Peel powder (2.00 g) heated at 160 °C in an oven for 2 hours and non-heated peel powder of each cultivar extracted with ethanol (70% v/v, 25.00 mL). Free radical scavenging activities of PP extracts were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and expressed as IC50 value. Color changes of PP powder before and after thermal treatments were investigated. All the extracts exhibited significant dose dependent inhibition activity. Therefore, DPPH scavenging activity increased as the concentration of the sample was increased up to a certain concentration that was varied from cultivar to cultivar. According to the results, heat-treated PP powders of each cultivar showed significantly higher (p<0.05) antioxidant activity compared to the non-treated PP powder of each cultivar. Antioxidant activities of PP increased due to the thermal treatment. IC50 values of the non-treated PPs of Nimali, Kalpitiya red and Nayana cultivars, were found to be 19.067 ± 0.291c, 21.067 ± 0.233b and 22.233 ± 0.145a μg/mL, respectively, while the IC50 values of heat-treated PP samples of cultivars were 11.100 ± 0.265c, 17.600 ± 0.115b and 20.400 ± 0.115a μg/mL. All the IC50 values of PP extracts were compared with that of Gallic acid (GA) as the standard compound and IC50 value of GA was 4.65 μg/mL. Hence, antioxidant activities of both heat-treated and non-treated PP extracts were lower than that of GA. The peel of Nimali exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging properties than the other cultivars, in which antioxidant properties were highly improved by heat treatment and also, its change in IC50 value (ΔIC50) before and after heat treatment, is significantly higher than other cultivars. It might be higher concentrations of polyphenolics released. Initial color of PP powder of each cultivar was converted from brownish yellow to dark brown during heat treatment. IC50 values were significantly different (p<0.05) among cultivars and temperature. According to the results, thermal treatment had no negative effects on the antioxidant capacities of the PP powder up to 160 °C. Therefore, bakery products (specifically cookies) can be considered as the most acceptable carriers of such pomegranate peel powder supplements. Furthermore, examined heat treatment can be used as an acceptable method to sterilize the PP powder. Considering the findings, thermal treatment might be a good alternative strategy for improving health benefits of PP, adding value to the PP, and could be helpful for development of potential dietary supplements. PP powder which possesses extremely high antioxidant properties, has a great potential to be used as a source of food additives in food products such as natural food preservatives (antioxidants) and a therapeutic agent.Item Breakout Rooms for an Engaging and Effective Online Learning Environment(Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2021) Jayarathne, Priyanwada; Gunawardana, AshaniCommunication is essential for effective language learning either written or spoken. It paves the ways to the leaners to test their language learning hypothesis and to practice the target language with peers in collaborative language learning settings. However, COVID-19 pandemic has affected severely on language learning as it deprived students of their real classrooms: primary, secondary, and even tertiary. With the introduction of emergency remote teaching (ERT), instructors struggle to deliver the content but students' actual engagement and interaction in online classes is yet to be monitored. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of Zoom - Breakout rooms as a tool to engage students successfully during synchronous online classes in the higher education sector. The participants of this case study were 04 instructors and 200 students who used Breakout rooms in their online classrooms for a period of 15 weeks. The student sample was reading for a Higher National Diploma in English. As to the data collected through the Google form survey, the results showed that language tutorials have become effective and successful with the use of Breakout rooms for group discussions, presentations, speeches, role plays, etc. Both instructors and learners made positive remarks as collaborative learning, individual engagement, feeling of liveliness, sense of belonging, less anxiety and possible monitoring of the instructor. The key difficulties encountered were connectivity issues and inadequacy of technical skills. Moreover, the cases of non-contribution and idling were also occasionally reported. All in all, the sample assured the effectiveness of the Breakout rooms not only in conducting successful ESL tutorials during this pandemic period but also as a way to remain in contact with the peers.
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