ICAPS 2024

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Abundance and distribution of microplastics in Muthurajawela wildlife sanctuary and Pamunugama beach, Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Sandaruwan, U. A. C.; Vithana, P. V. A. S.; Sithumini, W. E. B. K.; Samaraweera, B. G. K. N. D. B.; Tharani, T.; Gallage, C.V.; Subasinghe, K.; Vidanage., S. P.
Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles less than 5 mm, are increasingly recognized as a global environmental threat impacting marine and terrestrial ecosystems. This study investigates the prevalence, distribution and characteristics of MPs in the lagoon and coastal sediments of Muthurajawela Wildlife Sanctuary and Pamunugama Beach in Sri Lanka, areas interconnected through the Negombo Lagoon. Sediment samples were collected from 14 locations (06 from the Muthurajawela lagoon and 08 from the Pamunugama beach) distributed in both in low-tide line and mid-tide line identified through systematic sampling method. From each location, three replicate samples were collected to form a composite sediment sample and 20g of oven-dried sediment was used for analysis of MPs after performing a density separation on the sieved sample. The abundance, size, and shapes of MPs were examined using a stereomicroscope using “Optica TCB5.0” software. Observed MPs were divided into two size ranges: 5 mm – 1.1 mm and 1 mm – 0.5 mm and defined as “large MPs” and “small MPs” respectively. MPs were divided into five categories of shapes: fragments, filaments, films, foams and pellets. Findings indicated a higher abundance of MPs in Pamunugama Beach sediments (79.3 ± 10.3 MPs/Kg) compared to Muthurajawela lagoon (58.0 ± 10.8 MPs/Kg). In Muthurajawela, smaller MPs were more prevalent (79.87%) than larger MPs (20.12%), with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05; Two-sample T test) while Pamunugama Beach showed no significant difference in the abundance of large and small MPs. The abundance of total MPs was not significantly different between low and mid-tide lines at both study sites suggesting a low spatial variability in abundance (p>0.05; Two-sample T test). The most common MP shape in Muthurajawela was filaments (78.8%), while fragments (61.53%) dominated Pamunugama Beach. The study also underscores the impact of the MV X-Press Pearl ship disaster on Pamunugama Beach, contributing to the higher MP levels observed. MPs in Muthurajawela were primarily filament-shaped, likely sourced from urban wastewater and industrial activities, whereas Pamunugama Beach exhibited more fragment-shaped MPs due to recreational activities and natural fragmentation processes driven by coastal dynamics. These findings provide critical baseline data for long-term monitoring and highlight the need for targeted mitigation strategies. Future research should focus on the ecological impacts of MP pollution, particularly on wetland birds and other wildlife in these regions. Comprehensive studies examining the sources, pathways, and ecological consequences of MPs will further inform conservation efforts and policy decisions, ultimately contributing to the protection of Sri Lanka's unique coastal and wetland ecosystems.
Acute toxicity of formaldehyde on the ornamental fish, Cyprinus carpio (koi carp) fingerlings
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Rathnayaka, E. M. S. P.; Epa, U. P. K.
The ornamental fish trade is a multibillion-dollar sector that involves more than 125 countries, including Sri Lanka. Formalin, 37% formaldehyde, is widely used in the ornamental fish industry as a prophylactic measure or therapeutic purposes. It is usually used to treat ectoparasites that reside on the body surface or gills of fish, and it is also used as a fungicide for fish eggs. Chemotherapeutic agent usage has been criticized because the indiscriminate usage of chemicals like formalin may cause severe risks to both fish and human health and the environment. The toxicity of chemicals to fish must be decided prior to using any chemical to fish as a therapeutic agent for their diseases. A 96 h acute toxicity test was conducted to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of formalin on Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) fingerlings. Experimental fish were exposed to a static bath in 4 L glass aquaria with formalin concentrations of 50, 55, 60, 65 and 70 mg L-1. Seven fingerlings were added to each tank for the acute toxicity test, and glass aquaria were continuously aerated during the test. The control experiment was conducted using de-chlorinated tap water. All five treatments and the control experiment were triplicated. During formalin exposure, fish behavior was observed. The Number of fish deaths was recorded in each concentration separately and probit analysis was conducted to determine the 96-h LC50 value of formalin. Fish behavior changes were investigated during the acute toxicity test. Fish were aggregated near the aeration, erratic swimming with fast movement, fast opercula beating, and fast opening and closing of the mouth, excess mucus production, opercula beating frequency reduction, slow swimming and jumping-like behavior were observed until the beginning of the first death. Mucus accumulation on the body surfaces and gill filament was recorded on dead fish. The gills of the dead fish were damaged and toxicity symptoms were observed. The 70 mg L-1 concentration was the lethal concentration for C. carpio fingerlings in less than 24 h. The LC50 value of formalin on C. carpio fingerlings at 95% confidence level was 55 mg L-1 for 96 h. It was concluded that acute exposure to formaldehyde causes lethal toxic effects on C. carpio fingerlings. Formalin must be used with due care and management in aquaculture practices.
Adsorption of Methylene blue on leaves of Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum)
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Weerathunga, M. A. O. Y.; Dinusha, M. D. N.; Karunathilaka, R. M. M. K.; Priyantha, N.
Massive amounts of industrial pollutants released to the environment because of industrial expansion, which is needed to fulfil the demands of the ever-increasing population, have become a global threat. Consequently, the use of effective treatment methodologies is a necessity, and such methodologies should not only be economical, but also be environmentally friendly. In this respect, biosorption has become a sound alternative for removing toxic industrial dyes. Although many biosorbents have been researched, attempts on their practicability have not been much attended to. This study focuses on the use of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) leaves, a biosorbent that has not been extensively investigated, for the removal of methylene blue (MB), a common dye used in textiles and other industries. The fibrous nature of this biosorbent would make it suitable for surface modification as needed. Biosorbent for this investigation was prepared by mature leaves of guinea grass, collected randomly from Kandy district, cut into 1.0 – 2.0 cm lengths followed by thorough washing with tap water and deionised water, and then crushing followed by thorough washing again with deionised water until the supernatant became colourless. Samples were then dried at 120 °C for 2.0 h. Parameter optimisation was conducted using 50.0 mL of 10 ppm MB solutions, with one parameter varied at a time while keeping the others unchanged. This process led to optimal values of 0.25 g of adsorbent dosage, 20 minutes of shaking time, 20 minutes of settling time, and a pH of 5.66, based on absorption measurements recorded at 664 nm, achieving an excellent removal rate of 97.5% is obtained. Moreover, this biosorption system reaches equilibrium in a very short time owing to the fibrous nature which is advantageous for extension of bench work toward large-scale removal of MB from contaminated industrial effluents. It is further determined that the transfer of MB from solution to the biosorbent surface follows the pseudo secondorder kinetics model with a high correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9889.
The affinity of the major compounds of bitter melon to receptors for insulin in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway: computational chemistry insight
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Ananda, A. M.; Kadigamuwa, C.C.
The World Health Organization reports diabetes as the fifth leading global cause of death. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is an herbaceous plant used for the treatment of diabetes. It includes insulinlike compounds such Charantin, Momordicine II and Cucurbitacine I with anti-diabetic properties. Insulin is widely used to treat type 1 and 2 diabetes, maintaining stable glucose levels in the body. Insulin-like compounds from bitter melon bind to the insulin receptor, regulating glucose absorption and metabolism by activating insulin signaling through the PI3K/AKT pathway. This enhances insulin sensitivity in diabetics by promoting glucose uptake in skeletal muscles via the translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface. AKT (Protein Kinase B) phosphorylates key regulatory proteins like AS160, facilitating the movement of GLUT4 from vesicles, enabling glucose entry into cells for metabolism. AKT also stimulates glycogen synthesis by activating glycogen synthase (GS), converting glucose into glycogen. This combined effect of enhancing glucose uptake and glycogen storage helps lower blood sugar levels effectively. In this research, the aim estimates the binding affinity of major cytochemical in bitter melon by docking analysis. The twenty compounds in bitter melon were selected by literature analysis, and they were downloaded by PubChem in SDF format and translated into PDB through OpenBabel 3.1.1. Then download the 3D structure of insulin receptor protein from the protein data bank (PDB ID: 1IR3). Cleaned the downloaded receptor protein using the Discovery Studio 2021 Client. Molecular docking is performed by Autodock 4.2 and a Lamarckian genetic algorithm. In an in-depth review of 20 compounds that bind to insulin receptor protein (1IR3). Momordicilin has the highest binding affinity (lowest binding energy), and Momordicoside L has the lowest binding affinity (highest binding energy). The ascending order shows the lowest binding affinity to the highest binding affinity, such as Momordicoside L (-2.05 kcal/mol) < Vicine (-3.61 kcal/mol) < Karaviloside XI (-4.15 kcal/mol) < Kuguaglycoside C (-4.38 kcal/mol) < Momordicin II (-4.31 kcal/mol) < Cucurbitacin C (-4.53 kcal/mol) < Momordicoside K (-4.80 kcal/mol) < Momordicoside I (-5.10 kcal/mol) < Cucurbitacin B (-5.19 kcal/mol) < Cucurbitacin E (-5.29 kcal/mol) < Charantin (- 5.25 kcal/mol) < Charantoside C (-5.69 kcal/mol) < Karaviloside III (-5.50 kcal/mol) < Momordicin I (-6.22 kcal/mol) < Cucurbitacin I (-6.28 kcal/mol) < Karavilagenin A (-6.44 kcal/mol < Kuguacin H (- 6.49 kca/mol) < (-) Momordenol (-6.51 kcal/mol) < Kuguacin J (-6.59 kcal/mol) < Momordicilin (-7.12 kcal/mol). Momordicilin interacts with insulin receptor protein’s binding sites, consisting of covalent hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues PRO A1106, PRO A1093, and alkyl and pi alkyl linkages with amino acid residues PRO A1093, PRO A1103. The binding affinity of compounds with binding energy greater than (-7) kcal/mol increases because those compounds bind well with the 1IR3 protein receptor and enhance insulin & also them are suitable for drug development. This computational analysis contributes to the design of new structural molecules, potentially improving the creation of drugs, especially for the production of more effective antidiabetics.
Allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of invasive alien cactus on seed germination and seedling growth of an invasive alien legume – Leucaena leucocephala
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Sandamini, O. V. P. H. N.; Ratnayake, R. M. C. S
One impact of Alien invasive plants (AIP) on the ecosystems is allelopathy. The allelopathic activity of the aqueous extract of an AIP, Opuntia stricta on seed germination and seedling growth of Leucaena leucocephala (AIP) were studied in this research. Selection of these two AIP based control of AIP by utilization. A concentration series of 10, 25, 50, and 75 g L-1 O. stricta was tested with distilled water as the control to assess seed germination percentages, mean shoot lengths and mean root lengths of L. leucocephala. The viability of the L. leucocephala seed lots were 80%. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the seedling growth performance of L. leucocephala. All the data were subjected to the One-way ANOVA test at p ≤ 0.05 followed by Tukey pairwise comparison using the “R” software. The highest and lowest germination percentages were recorded in control (60.0 ± 2.9) and 50 g L-1 treatment (43.3 ± 1.6) respectively after four weeks. Seed germination percentages of L. leucocephala were decreased under the different concentrations of O. stricta extract compared to the control. However, the difference was not significant (One-way ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05). The lowest mean shoot (37.6 ± 3.5 cm) and root (11.3 ± 0.3 cm) lengths of L. leucocephala were observed at 50 g L-1 concentration after 12 weeks. There was no significant difference among the shoot length of L. leucocephala plants in all treatments. There was a significant difference in the mean root length of L. leucocephala plants between 10 and 75 g L-1 treatments. The highest mean shoot (49.7 ± 1.9 cm) and root (13.5 ± 0.8 cm) lengths were observed at 75 g L-1 concentration indicating allelochemicals enhanced the seedling growth of L. leucocephala. The 75 g L-1 concentration showed a fertilizer effect by increases in the mean shoot length and mean root length of L. leucocephala. As an AIP, L. leucocephala may also possess allelopathic compounds of its own, which could interact with those of allelochemicals in O. stricta extracts and neutralized the allopathy. Therefore, the growth performance of L. leucocephala was enhanced. The findings of the study provide novel knowledge and understanding of the competitive nature of both AIP studied in relation to their allelopathy.
Analysis of spatial and temporal variabilities in soil properties under an oil palm cultivated land in Dodangoda, Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Ariyarathna, T. D. S.; Najim, M. M. M.
The impacts of oil palm plantations on soil properties were not exclusively studied in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the oil palm cultivation at Culloden estate in Dodangoda in Kaluthara district was selected as a suitable study area to evaluate the variability of selected soil physical and chemical properties. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the impacts of oil palm cultivation on selected physical and chemical properties of soil and to analyze whether there is a significant difference between soil properties in the oil palm site and a reference site. The selected plantation was divided into 3 zones to study the variability in soil parameters within the oil palm land. Three representative sampling points from each zone were selected. A composite sample was prepared mixing the soil from each sampling point in a particular zone. Three reference samples were taken from an abandoned grassland, located 600 m distance from the oil palm land. Monthly sampling was done for six months. Oil palm cultivation had silty clay soil, and the reference land had silty clay loam soil. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density, organic matter content, nitrogen and phosphorus levels of the study site indicated a significant difference compared to the reference site (p<0.05, Generalized Linear model, followed by the Tukey’s pairwise comparison as a post-hoc analysis at 95% level of confidence). The highest mean pH level was observed from the reference site as 5.58, while the lowest pH value was reported from the oil palm cultivation as 5.46. Soil pH was statistically significantly lower in the study site than in the reference site. Electrical conductivity was statistically significantly lower in the study site than the reference site. Also, organic matter content was statistically significantly higher in the reference site than the study site. Regarding the soil nitrogen content (%), the reference site reported the highest mean value as 0.28%, which was statistically significantly higher than that of the study site. Phosphorus content was statistically significantly lower in the reference site than the study site. Also, soil bulk density was statistically significantly higher in the study site than in the reference site. Even within the study site, the soil physicochemical parameters varied significantly, however, a general trend of an increase or decrease can be seen depending on the type of physicochemical characteristics considered. Organic matter content in the oil palm site increased in August due to harvesting practices and fertilization practices. A significant increase in soil nitrogen content was identified in September, due to the addition of nitrogen-containing fertilizer. Higher Soil bulk density in oil palm land indicated a significant impact on the soil compaction in oil palm cultivations. In conclusion, the soil properties in the oil palm cultivation land were significantly different from those at the reference site. To minimize negative impacts and promote long-term sustainability, the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices is recommended.
Anti-cancer activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Pleiospermium alatum, Scolopia pusilla, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, and Allium cepa against breast and cervical cancer cell lines
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Jayasinghe, M. R.; Jayasundara, N.; Samarakoon, K. W.; Kuruppu, A.I.
Despite advancements in modern medicine, cancer remains a global challenge, with existing treatments being costly and often accompanied by side effects. Developing novel therapies from herbal-based products presents a promising alternative. This study evaluates the anticancer potential of a blend of herbs of a traditional formula: Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Pleiospermium alatum, Scolopia pusilla, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, and Allium cepa. The formula was prepared by extracting these herbs individually using methanol, and then combining the extracts in equal proportions. The combined methanolic extract (formula) was subjected to various assays to assess its therapeutic potential. The methanolic extracts of all herbs were tested by the Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method to estimate the quantity of phenol and flavonoid content, respectively. The 2, 2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay assessed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively. The MTT (3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and the clonogenic assay were used to examine the cytotoxicity impact in vitro. At the maximum dosage tested (1 mg/mL), C. zeylanicum showed a somewhat higher concentration of total phenols, with a value of 0.478±0.008 mg/mL GAE/g, while the formula with all herbs, represented 0.305 ± 0.007 mg/mL GAE/g. The P. alatum extract had the greatest total flavonoid content, measuring 0.050 ± 0.035 mg/ml QE/g. The formula's methanolic extract showed a TFC of 0.039 ± 0.019 mg/mL QE/g. The single herb S. pusilla extract's IC50 was the lowest among single herbs for antioxidant activity, 0.0632 ± 0.008 mg/mL; in contrast, the formula's methanolic extract showed a lower IC50 0.0421 ± 0.004 mg/mL. The formula yielded an IC50 of 0.0432±0.002 mg/mL, whereas the IC50 value for C. zeylanicum extract showed 0.052±0.014 mg/mL for the anti-inflammatory assay. Z. officinale extract showed an inhibitory effect on the MCF-7 cell line, with an IC50 value of 0.0514 ± 0.012 mg/mL, while the formula showed a value of 0.0362 ± 0.081 mg/mL. The extract of Z. officinale produced growth inhibitory effects against the HeLa cell line with an IC50 value of 0.0840 ± 0.041 mg/mL, whereas the formula showed a more potent IC50 of 0.0273 ± 0.002 mg/mL indicating that the formula was potent against the cancer cells. Vero cells, non-cancerous monkey kidney cells, showed an IC50 of >1 mg/mL for all herb extracts, which demonstrated a low potency. There was a decrease in the colony-forming capacity with the formula. A remarkable inhibition of colony formation was observed with the formula’s methanolic extract with a survival fraction (SF) of 57.14% against HeLa while it showed a SF of 56.04% for MCF7 cells. This summarizes the information regarding the herbs and their formula, with a special focus on anticancer properties that serve as a foundation for future research and development of this formula in the field of cancer.
Antibacterial efficacy and phytochemical properties of Citrus crenatifolia (Heen Narang) and Citrus reticulata (Jama Narang)
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Salwathura, I. A.; Deraniyagala, N. G. I. A.; Fernando, N. H.; Perera, M. D.; Perera, E. H. L.; Ranasinghe, H. A. K.
The Citrus family encompasses various plant species known for their antibacterial properties. Various parts of Citrus plants have been used in traditional Sri Lankan medicine for an extended period. Citrus reticulata was selected for its established antibacterial properties, providing a foundation to further investigate its potential alongside the less-researched Citrus crenatifolia. The present study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial properties of C. crenatifolia and C. reticulata found in Sri Lanka. Active phytochemicals were extracted from the peels, using the reflux method employed in an aqueous medium. The antibacterial properties of plant extracts were assessed using the well diffusion method against six common bacterial pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 23235), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 35659), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212). Double distilled water was used as the negative control, while commonly used antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin, gentamicin, vancomycin, augmentin, and ciprofloxacin) served as the positive controls. A McFarland standard was employed for each test microbe. The diameter of inhibition zones was measured after incubation, and statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software package. The independent sample t-test revealed that there was no significant difference between the mean values of the control and both peel sample extractions for all tested bacteria. (p = 0.115). There was no statistically significant difference in antibacterial activity among the six microbes according to the One-Way ANOVA test for C. reticulata (p = 0.271). But there was a statistically significant difference in the antibacterial activity of C. crenatifolia (One-Way ANOVA: p = 0.021). Tukey’s Post-Hoc analysis of C. crenatifolia extract showed a significant difference in the mean inhibition zone diameters between S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (p = 0.044) as well as S. aureus and K. pneumoniae (p = 0.049). The antibacterial activities of both extracts were supported by the presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, phenol, and tannins which showed combination effects. Anyhow, saponins were not detected in both extracts. The present findings highlight the potential of C. crenatifolia and C. reticulata extracts as valuable sources of antibacterial agents, warranting potential applications in the field of microbial control. Further investigation to elucidate its specific mechanisms of action is recommended.
Antibacterial fabrics: ZnO nanoparticles infused polymer nanofiber membrane
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Yapa, Y. M. C. P. C. B.; Sivakumar, V.; Liyanage, J. P.
Bacterial infections are a leading global health crisis, ranking as the second largest cause of death worldwide. This study explores the innovative potential of using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber membranes infused with ZnO nanoparticles to create antibacterial clothing. ZnO, is a n-type semiconductor with a band gap of approximately 3.37 eV, is renowned for its biosafety and biocompatibility. It exists in various forms such as nanowires, nanorings, nanospheres, and nanohelices, showcasing its versatility. Additionally, ZnO nanoparticles exhibit significant antibacterial properties against a wide range of bacterial species due to their photocatalytic activity, making them a promising solution in the fight against transmission of bacterial infections. Electrospinning has been employed to fabricate PVA nanofiber membranes, with PVA emerging as the predominant polymer of choice due to its non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and superior electrospinning-ability compared to other polymers. The agar disc diffusion method was carried out to observe antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles and PVA-ZnO nanofiber membranes against Escherichia coli DH-5α (E-coli) strain. A distinct inhibition, zone with an average width of approximately 0.5 cm, was clearly observable using commercially available ZnO nanoparticles. PVA-ZnO nanofiber membranes with different ZnO concentrations were fabricated starting from 0.5 wt% to 6.0 wt%, in steps of 0.5 wt%, on a gauze as a substrate, by electrospinning PVA-ZnO polymer solutions. The antibacterial activity of the PVA-ZnO nanofiber membranes started to appear when the ZnO concentration was 5.0 wt%. These membranes exhibited an average inhibition zone width of approximately 0.1 cm. Also, PVA nanofiber membrane alone did not show an inhibition zone. Surface morphology of each nanofiber was analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis for the commercially available ZnO nanoparticles was performed to determine the chemical purity of the ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was performed to determine the structural change due to the interaction between PVA and ZnO nanoparticles. Based on the findings, a minimum ZnO concentration of 5.0 wt% is necessary to achieve antibacterial activity against E-coli using PVA-ZnO nanofiber membranes. This concentration threshold underscores the critical role of ZnO in enhancing the membranes' effectiveness in fighting against bacterial pathogens.
Antifungal activity of chitosan-plant extract-based coating for crown rot disease in banana (cv. Embul)
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Piyumali, W. M. D. T.; Gunaratna, A. G. M. J.; Kodituwakku, T. D.
Proper postharvest handling is essential to reduce postharvest losses and maintain the quality of fresh produce. Banana crown rot, which is caused mainly by Colletotrichum musae and Fusarium poliferatum is one of the most economically significant diseases affecting banana fruits. It impacts both the yield and marketability of bananas. Fungal infection occurs through the cut surface of crown tissues of dehanded banana. Symptom development initiates as a blackening of crown tissues which later advances down the fruit stalks. Fungal control methods often rely on synthetic fungicides and may cause environmental and health concerns due to their toxicity. Thus, this study was planned to develop an eco-friendly alternative to chemical fungicides to control banana crown rot disease. This research investigated the potential of soursop (Annona muricata) pulp extract in combination with chitosan as a natural antifungal coating to inhibit the growth of C. musae and F. poliferatum in banana (cv. Embul). In the initial stages of the study, soursop pulp oil was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus. The solvent was evaporated using a rotary evaporator and freeze-dried. Fruit coating was prepared using chitosan, glycerol, Tween 80 and soursop pulp. A range of pulp oil concentrations were tested including 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10% combined with chitosan (1%). The food poisoning technique was used to test the antifungal activity of the fruit coating using One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s pair-wise comparison tests. Mancozeb was used as positive control and DMSO was used as negative control for antifungal assay. A significant difference in antifungal activity was observed among several concentrations of peel and pulp coating solutions (p < 0.05). For In vivo application C. musae inoculated Embul banana were treated with pulp coating, fungicide and distilled water as control. The impact of the treatments was assessed by measuring the percentage weight loss, fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and pH values. Complete inhibition of the pathogen (in vitro) was observed at both pulp and peel extract concentrations of 7.5% and above for both fungal species. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for C. musae and F. poliferatum was considered to be 7.5%. The minimum lethal concentration (MLC) was 10%, at which no mycelial growth was noted in the growth revival test. In vivo, pulp extract coating showed significant inhibition of C. musae compared to the control. Kruskal – Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference in disease severity among the treatment groups (H = 6.77, p = 0.034) with the coating applied group showing lowest disease severity. Previous research findings revealed that chitosan possesses antifungal activity. The combined antifungal efficacy of chitosan and A. muricata extracts inhibits fungal growth and these findings suggest that the developed fruit coating has the potential to be an effective strategy for mitigating crown rot in bananas caused by C. musae and F. poliferatum.
Antimicrobial potential of different Aporosa spp. (S. Kebella) in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) De Silva, A. G. K. S.; Thathsarani, Y. K. D.D.; Senanayake, S. P.
The genus Aporosa belongs to the family Phyllanthaecae and locally referred to as ‘S: Kebella’ is reported to be rich with medicinal properties. Despite sharing the same vernacular name, these plant species exhibit significant variation in morphological traits leading drug adulteration. This suggests establishment of accurate identification methods of these species while assessing their potential medicinal properties. The present study was focused to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of the leaves of five Aporosa species found in Sri Lanka and thereby revealing the best plant/s with the inhibition properties of pathogenic microorganisms. Five Crude extracts of authenticated plant specimens were prepared using Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans. The well diffusion method was employed across four extract concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, 4 mg/mL) and the results revealed concentration-dependent effects. Microorganisms were quantitatively assessed by the presence or absence of inhibition zones. Clear inhibition zones indicated the compounds showed antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. According to the results all the tested extracts have produced zones of inhibitions against E. coli indicating their antibacterial activity against E. coli. High potential of antibacterial activity against E. coli was shown by Aporosa cardiosperma morphotype 3 at the concentrations of 4.00 mg/ mL and 2.00 mg/mL, with their respective diameter zones of inhibition ranging from 14.70–16.00 mm. Next highest inhibition zone of 13.70 was shown by A. cardiosperma at the concentrations of 1.00 mg/mL, 2.00 mg/mL, 4.00 mg/mL. However, S. aureus has shown response to none of the tested leaf extracts in all concentrations. All the extracts have produced zones of inhibitions against C. albicans indicating their antifungal activity against C. albicans. High potential of antifungal activity against C. albicans was shown by A. cardiosperma morphotype 2 at the concentrations of 2.00 mg/ mL and 4.00 mg/mL, with their respective diameter zones of inhibition ranging from 15.70–16.70 mm. The next highest inhibition zones ranging from 14.0–15.30 mm were shown by both A. cardiosperma morphotype 1 and A. cardiosperma at the concentrations of 1.00 mg/mL, 2.00 mg/mL, 4.00 mg/mL. Comparative analysis with standard antibiotics revealed distinct efficacy profiles. Notably, Aporosa extracts showed considerable inhibitory effects although smaller than antibiotics. The findings of the research concluded the potential of utilizing the tested Aporosa spp. for their antimicrobial properties, underlying their capabilities in combating pathogenic microbes. These findings underscore the therapeutic promise of leaf extracts of Aporosa spp. in antimicrobial applications, warranting further exploration for pharmaceutical development.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning-powered personalized mathematics learning system for ordinary level students in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Abeynayake, D. N.; Hakmanage, N. M.; Chamini, A. M. L.
In today’s digital age, integrating technology into education has revolutionized how we learn, making complex subjects such as mathematics more accessible and engaging. Mathematics remains a significant challenge for Sri Lankan Ordinary Level (O/L) students, with high failure rates, limited personalized attention, traditional teaching methods, resource limitations, and language barriers. In response to these challenges, this study is focused on developing an artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)-powered personalized mathematics learning system for grade 10 and grade 11 (O/L) students in Sri Lanka. The system is focused on addressing the individual learning needs and helping them improve math with diversified topics, incorporating a chatbot that offers immediate assistance to learners and a feedback mechanism embedded for checking the progress of the learners regularly. The study aims at developing ways of measuring the effectiveness of personalized learning paths in improving students’ mastery of specific mathematical concepts. Furthermore, it explores how AI and ML-based approaches correlate with pupils’ academic achievements by considering motivation levels in mathematics. Additionally, the study aims on developing tutoring functionalities within the system to foster improvements in student satisfaction and performance. Agile methodology was adopted for this study, enabling iterative development to improve the system throughout the project. The learning system underwent each development cycle, focusing on specific features and user feedback, which led to improvements in functionality and user experience. The system was mainly developed using the MERN stack, which comprises MongoDB for data storage, Express.js for server-side logic, React for the frontend, and Node.js for the backend. Furthermore, a linear regression machine learning model was trained for the real-time feedback system. Information on which topics students find challenging was gathered by surveying grade 10 and grade 11 students, both in person and online via Google Forms, with questions asking students to rate their difficulty level with various topics. In order to accommodate all the students, the surveys were conducted in both Sinhala and English languages, and the data gathered was used to train the chatbot using the RASA framework. The system evaluates students' basic math proficiency through a placement test and recommends a personalized learning package based on the test results. The system has shown significant improvements in math concept understanding and performance among 90% of ordinary-level students in Sri Lanka. The system's adaptability and real-time feedback, chatbot providing instant support, offer a viable solution to conventional teaching methods and improving education. Limitations include broader testing and scalability, with future work focusing on improving the AI model and feedback system. AI and MLpowered personalized systems are recommended to be used in schools to help each student learn better.
Assessing the diversity and conservation needs of order Squamata in Mandaramnuwara, Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Rajarathna, M. D. G. H. A.; Gunawardena, M. P.; Wijegunawardhana, A. H. C.; Jayaweera, C. L.; Sandamali, A. D. P. H.; Jayasuriya, R. T. P.; Hettiarachchi, C. J.
Mandaramnuwara, is a village located on the eastern slopes of the Piduruthalagala mountain range in Sri Lanka. This area harbours significant faunal diversity yet lacks scientific studies on the diversity of the Order Squamata, which includes snakes and lizards. We conducted a visual encounter survey over a 15-month period from October 2022 to December 2023, aimed to document the diversity of Squamates in areas outside the protected zone, where these species face significant threats from human activities and vehicle movements. The total number of 15 visits (once a month) were carried out during daylight hours (07:00 h to 18:00 h) along a 10 km road (starting point 07.05861N, 080.76875E, ending point 07.04239N, 080.76155E), with an elevation gradient from 900 m to 1600 m, covering a five-meter span on both sides of the road. A total of 18 species belonging to six Families were recorded. Among these, 15 species, which is 83.33% of the total, were endemic, and 12 species which is 66.67% of the total, were nationally threatened. The threatened species included the critically endangered Cyrtodactylus fraenatus, the endangered Calotes nigrilabris, Cophotis ceylanica, Ceratophora stoddartii, Aspidura trachyprocta, Rhinophis blythii, Rhinophis melanogaster, and Hypnale nepa. Other threatened species recorded were the vulnerable Dendrelaphis caudolineolatus, Aspidura brachyorrhos, Aspidura ceylonensis, and Oligodon sublineatus. Additionally, two endemic species were near threatened: Calotes liolepis, Bungarus ceylonicus, and Ahaetulla nasuta, which is of least concern. Observations noted seven instances of road kills, affecting both snake and lizard populations. Given the high level of endemism and the presence of numerous threatened species, it is crucial to raise awareness within the local community to mitigate unnecessary fears and killings, particularly of snakes. In conclusion, the findings of this survey highlight the critical need for targeted conservation efforts in Mandaramnuwara. By raising awareness and integrating the local community into conservation initiatives, the area can be effectively preserved while promoting sustainable tourism. The documentation of Squamata diversity in this region emphasises the importance of continued research and conservation strategies to protect its biodiversity.
Assessing the relationship between water quality parameters and toxic cyanobacterial abundance in a hospital wastewater treatment plant
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Bandara, W. M. J. Y.; Sewwandi, B. G. N.
Cyanobacteria are a group of prokaryotes that thrive in various aquatic environments under favourable conditions such as high levels of nutrients, optimal water temperature, and light. The presence of cyanobacteria in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is concerning, as certain species can produce toxins, posing significant health and environmental problems. Understanding the conditions that promote the growth of cyanobacteria in WWTPs is crucial for developing strategies to prevent or minimise their proliferation. Therefore, this study assesses cyanobacterial abundance with different water quality parameters at a WWTP in Matara District, Sri Lanka, which treats hospital wastewater generated from both black water and grey water. The aim of the study was to identify both toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria, quantify their abundance, and analyse the relationship between toxic cyanobacterial abundance and various water quality parameters. Wastewater samples were collected from three sampling sites (Site 1- the sedimentation tank; Site 2 - post-chlorination tank; and Site 3 - the discharge field) in the WWTP for five months. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, salinity, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, nitrate, and phosphate were analysed using standard protocols. Cyanobacteria cells were collected using a plankton net, identified with identification keys, and enumerated using the Sedgewick-Rafter counting method. Water quality parameters and cyanobacterial abundance were measured in triplicate at each sampling site. The relationship between the abundance of cyanobacterial species and water quality parameters was determined using Pearson’s correlation test in Minitab 19.0. Five toxin-producing cyanobacterial species (Oscillatoria sp., Phormidium sp., Limnothrix sp., Pseudanabaena sp., and Cylindrospermopsis sp.) and one non-toxic species (Spirulina sp.) were identified, with Phormidium sp. as the most abundant. The identified species showed varying correlations with water quality parameters. The abundance of Oscillatoria sp., Phormidium sp., Limnothrix sp., and Pseudanabaena sp. showed a strong positive correlation with total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and phosphate, indicating they thrive in nutrient-rich environments with abundant dissolved salts and phosphate. Phormidium sp. also showed a positive correlation with dissolved oxygen and nitrate, while Cylindrospermopsis sp. did not show any significant correlation with any parameter, indicating its growth was influenced by other factors. No cyanobacterial species showed a significant correlation with total suspended solids. Limnothrix sp. abundance correlated positively with water temperature, whereas Oscillatoria sp. and Phormidium sp. showed a negative correlation with water temperature. This study highlights that the WWTP is a potential source of toxic cyanobacteria, with water quality parameters such as water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and phosphate significantly influencing their growth. Hence, it is crucial to monitor and manage these water quality parameters to control the harmful cyanobacterial proliferation in WWTPs. Future research should include additional water quality parameters to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting cyanobacterial growth in WWTPs.
Assessing urban heat island dynamics: A comparative study of Colombo district in 2015 and 2022
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Perera, A. A. I. U.; Dickowita, D. K. R. R.; Rathnayaka, W. R. A. J. W.; Weerasinghe, V. P. A.
Widespread industrialization and migration of the rural population to urban areas have led to rapid urbanization. This phenomenon transforms permeable surfaces into impermeable surfaces, leading to an increase in land surface temperature. This accelerates the formation of urban heat islands. Colombo city can be considered as the commercial capital of Sri Lanka. It is a densely populated and highly urbanized city. Over the past few years, residents have experienced discomfort due to elevated temperatures in the Colombo district. Hence, it is necessary to implement mitigation measures to reduce the impact of urban heat islands. Therefore, this study aims to identify urban heat islands in the Colombo district to facilitate the implementation of mitigation measures. To compare the urban heat island effect in Colombo district between 2015 and 2022, two Landsat 8 images with a cloud cover less than 10% were obtained from USGS Earth Explorer. Land surface temperature (LST) for both years was calculated using ArcGIS 10.8 software, utilizing bands 4, 5, and 10. Various equations were applied to determine Top of Atmosphere Radiance, Brightness Temperature, NDVI, Land Surface Emissivity, and finally LST. The LST data was then extracted for Colombo district, and another equation was used to generate a spatial distribution layer of urban heat islands for both years. When comparing the results obtained from the map of 2015 and 2022, an increase in the critically high urban heat island areas was observed, along with a relative decrease in the critically low urban heat islands. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of Urban Heat Islands (UHI) in the Colombo District for 2015 and 2022 shows significant temporal variations in thermal patterns. There is an increase in UHI intensity, which relates to the higher Land Surface Temperatures obtained according to the methodology, highlighting the dynamic nature of urban heat in rapidly developing regions. The spatial distribution of UHI effects proves considerable changes, with previously cooler areas showing intensified warming trends. The reasons for these could be land cover changes, such as increased impervious surfaces and reduced green spaces, playing a crucial role in UHI formation.
Assessment of awareness and practice on plastic water bottle usage among undergraduates of University of Kelaniya
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Dewrandi, M. B. K.; Gayathri, T. K.; Lakshika, S. M. D.; Sriskantharajah, S.; Tishopana, S.; Liyanage, U. P.; Rajapaksha, G.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is highly used in the production of polycarbonate plastics. BPA migrates from polycarbonate containers, leading to human BPA exposure. BPA is an endocrine disruptor, which perturbs natural endocrine pathways. BPA leaching from plastic products is affected by pH, high temperature, product quality, washing practices and age of the product. Even though plastics are popular in the Sri Lankan market, scientific research on their usage pattern and public awareness on health risks are poorly known. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating plastic water bottle usage, consumer practices, and public awareness on BPA using a questionnaire survey. A questionnaire was developed and validated to obtain information on types of plastic water bottles used, duration of use, price of the product, cleaning practices, nature of beverages stored, knowledge on plastic associated health risks including BPA and knowledge on safe use of plastic bottles. The online questionnaire was administered among 502 undergraduates in the University of Kelaniya during the period of September–November 2023. A majority of 348 students (69.3%) use plastic water bottles and nearly 38.5% of undergraduates were at risk of BPA exposure. Majority of the students were at increased risk of exposure to BPA and other plastic-related chemicals due to unfavorable practices such as storing at high temperature (54.9%), storing acidic beverages (40.3%) and practicing harsh washing conditions (46%). A total of 289 students (83.0%) were aware on leaching of toxic chemicals from plastic bottles. Despite, majority (70.4%) lacked awareness on major plastic related chemical, BPA and its health implications. Out of the plastic users, only 28.2% were aware on both plastic-associated chemicals and on BPA migration. 191 undergraduates (54.9%) were aware of toxic chemicals associated with plastics but were not aware of BPA. Also 15.5% of users were not aware on any type of risk associated with plastic usage. Although polycarbonate and non-recycling number bottle users are of increased risk of BPA exposure, out of polycarbonate plastic users, 70.8% were not aware on BPA. Also, out of the users of plastics without any number, 70.9% were not aware on BPA. As per the survey, plastic water bottles were popular among undergraduates in the University of Kelaniya. However, awareness on plastic-associated health risks and consumer practices were unsatisfactory.
Assessment of coastal land area changes at Calido beach, Kalutara, using remote sensing and GIS techniques
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Thennakoon, T. M. P. D. U. B.; Fernando, W. S. M.; Randika, R. M. T.; Abinash, R.; Weerasinghe, V. P. A.
Calido beach in Kalutara is situated on the western coast of Sri Lanka. It has been severely affected by coastal erosion aggravated by the removal of the sand bar in May 2017. This study aims to assess changes in coastal land area from 2015 to 2021 at two-year intervals utilizing remote sensing and GIS techniques. It focuses on quantifying variations due to sand bar removal and comparing these changes using Landsat 8 OLI images from June in 2015, 2018 and 2021, with 2015 serving as the baseline year. The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), applied to satellite images using ArcGIS software, played a key role in differentiating water and non-water surfaces. NDWI values were reclassified, converted from raster to polygon format, and then smoothened. Subsequently, the non-water surface area for each year was calculated using the geometry tool in ArcGIS software, providing insights into the impact of sand bar removal on coastal morphology. The analysis revealed a minor reduction in the non-water surface area from 4.867 km² in 2015 to 4.865 km² in 2018, which corresponds to a reduction of about 0.04%. By 2021, the non-water surface area increased substantially to 4.966 km², indicating a growth of about 2.08% from 2018 and 2.04% from 2015. The study highlighted the dynamic nature of the coastal land area at Calido Beach, where a slight erosion was noted by 2018, but a substantial increase in non-water surface area was observed by 2021 due to sand deposition after the removal of the sand bar. These findings emphasize the dynamic impact of human interventions on coastal morphology. Recommendations include conducting environmental assessments and developing an integrated coastal management plan to ensure sustainable coastal development and effective management. Additionally, it is crucial to validate these preliminary findings with ground-based measurements to ensure their accuracy and reliability.
Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on Mahaweli river surface water samples contaminated with Gohagoda landfill leachate using Allium cepa bioassay
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Abhayarathna, I. D.; Yatawara, M. D. M. D. W. M. M. K.
Landfill leachate that potentially contains toxic compounds harms humans and the environment. Therefore, landfill leachate must be appropriately treated and disposed to avoid its environmental damage. However, conventional physicochemical analysis alone may not be adequate to evaluate the biological effects, therefore, conducting bioassay toxicity tests and traditional methods would be more appropriate. The present study assessed the potential toxic effect of Mahaweli River surface water samples contaminated with Gohagoda landfill leachate by a plant-based bioassay, Allium cepa. Moreover, the physio-chemical parameters have been tested. Surface water samples were collected from the river where the leachate was released into the Mahaweli River from the leachate outlet on five occasions, covering wet and dry seasons from September 2023 to January 2024. The A. cepa root tips were exposed to collected samples and the bioassay was carried out according to a standard method with some modifications. Aged tap water was used as the control. The statistical analyses were performed as appropriate in MINITAB-19. The study revealed that the A. cepa bioassay indicated significant cytogenotoxic effects on the leachate contaminated surface water compared to the control, evidenced by a percentage decrease in mitotic index (44.60%, 48.81%, 20.99%, 44.41% and 16.91%), the higher number of total nuclear abnormalities (165.20‰, 159.70‰, 154.20‰, 182.86‰ and 162.26‰), and higher number of chromosomal aberrations (352.40‰, 328.10‰, 258.00‰, 254.08‰ and 291.90‰). The presence of toxic substances in the leachate contaminated surface water, suggests a clear cytotoxic effect on exposed organisms. This is further supported by observing various nuclear abnormalities such as bi nuclei, micronuclei, and nuclear buds, predominantly in samples collected from leachate contaminated water, compared to control. These abnormalities indicate genetic damage and potential mutagenic effects, likely stemming from the discharge of leachate into the Mahaweli River. Moreover, chromosomal aberrations, including vagrant chromosomes, chromosomal bridges, and spindle disturbances, underscore the genotoxicity of the leachate. These abnormalities reflect structural changes in chromosomes and spindle apparatus, which can lead to disruptions in cell division and genetic instability. The significantly higher occurrence of these aberrations in leachate contaminated samples compared to control water samples highlights the detrimental impact of leachate contamination on the environment. All the COD and BOD5 values obtained for the leachate-contaminated water exceed the CEA tolerance limit values for all five sampling events. The findings highlight that the leachate discharged directly and significantly impacts the water quality at the leachate discharging point of the Mahaweli River. Further research is recommended to confirm the toxic effects of drained leachate on sensitive aquatic organisms in the Mahaweli River since they provide a better understanding of the risks associated with drained leachate. In addition, strict leachate management measures are recommended to minimize river contamination with this leachate.
Assessment of derivative spectrophotometry for analyzing competitive adsorption of brilliant green and methylene blue using multiple coated graphite oxide/sand composite
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Sakalasuriya, D. D.; Perera, P. L. R. A.; Perera, W. P. R. T.; Sakunthala, K. A. D. D.; Premaratne, W. A. P. J.; Liyanage, J. A
Wastewater from industrial sectors such as paint production and textile processing are often contaminated with multiple dye pollutants. The simultaneous presence of multiple dyes like Brilliant Green (BG) and Methylene Blue (MB) poses significant challenges for treatment technologies. These dyes not only contribute to environmental degradation but also pose significant health risks, including allergic reactions and cancer due to their toxicity and persistence in ecosystems. A major challenge in treating dye mixtures is the accurate identification and quantification of multiple dyes due to overlapping absorption spectra. This research aims to enhance the resolution of spectral data using derivative spectrophotometry, enabling more distinct identification of overlapping dye components. In this study, the competitive adsorption of MB and BG onto multiple coated graphite oxide/sand (MGO/S) composite was examined. The determination of dye concentrations was carried out using first order derivative (1D) spectrophotometry. Kinetic and isotherm evaluations were conducted under optimal conditions: pH 7.0, 0.09 g of M-GO/S, and a contact time of 20 minutes in binary dye systems. The 20-minute contact time was sufficient to reach equilibrium, as extended durations showed no significant change in adsorption results from preliminary experiments. The experiment was triplicated. The equilibrium adsorption of MB and BG dyes onto M-GO/S showed an inverse relationship with their initial concentrations, signifying the competitive adsorption dynamics where the dyes compete for the available adsorption sites. In a binary mixture of 10 mg/L BG and MB, significant peak overlap at 625 nm and 664 nm hinders precise concentration measurement using zero-order spectra. First-order derivative spectrophotometry resolves this by identifying the adsorption peaks of MB at 625.6, and 503 nm, and BG at 443.2, 445.6, 525.6 and 664.2 nm. Simultaneous determination of BG and MB was achieved at 443.2 nm (1D443.2) (R2=0.9982) and 625.6 nm (1D625.6) (R2=0.9958), respectively. The characteristic parameters of regression equation for the 1D method and obtained coefficient of determination for individual BG and MB were also studied. Therefore, the application of derivative spectrophotometry has proven to be an effective method for quantification of simultaneous adsorptions of BG and MB onto multiple coated graphite oxide adsorbent. This technique allows for precise differentiation and quantification of each dye in the presence of the other, enhancing the understanding of their adsorption dynamics. The results demonstrate that derivative spectrophotometry can improve the accuracy and efficiency of multipollutant adsorption studies.
Assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface water, sediment and paddy soil in CKDu endemic regions: A comparative study in Minipe and Dambagolla, Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Lakshan, L. M. U.; Sakunthala, K. A. D. D.; Perera, P. L. R. A.; Perera, W. P. R. T.; Liyanage, J. A.; Premaratne, W. A. P. J.
Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a major health crisis in Sri Lanka, particularly affecting rural agricultural communities in regions such as the Central and Uva provinces. This study investigated the concentrations of heavy metals, alongside various quality indicators, in water, sediment, and paddy soil within CKDu endemic regions of these provinces. The objective is to determine whether toxic heavy metals present in surface water, sediment, and paddy soil correlate with the upraised CKDu incidence in Dambagolla compared to Minipe. Using a stratified random sampling technique, surface water and sediment samples were collected from three locations: Minipe Anicut, Minipe Canal, and Loggal Oya. Eighteen composite sediment samples (six from each location) and thirteen surface water samples (three from Minipe Anicut, two from Minipe Canal, and eight from Loggal Oya) were collected. Additionally, a total of twelve topsoil samples (six from each location) were collected from paddy fields in Minipe and Dambagolla areas in which higher CKDu prevalence was recorded compared to Minipe. Water samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), hardness, and phosphate using standard methods. Sediment and soil samples were tested for pH, EC, organic matter, potassium, phosphate, and total nitrogen. Heavy metals (Pb, As, Cr, Cd, Ni) were quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). All analyses were duplicated. Statistical significance across parameters was assessed through ANOVA and Tukey's pairwise comparisons. Water samples from all locations have maintained pH levels within WHO recommendations. Minipe Anicut samples had relatively lower conductivity (141.1±27.27 μS/cm) while having elevated hardness (65.39±7.58 mg/L) and phosphate levels (12.28±9.67 ppm). Pb, Cr, and Cd were not detected in Minipe Anicut, and Cr was absent in Minipe Canal. Arsenic levels, although within WHO standards, were higher than other metals, particularly in Minipe Canal (4.17±0.03 µg/L) and Loggal Oya (5.25±3.89 µg/L). ANOVA showed no significant differences in heavy metal levels among sites (p>0.05). Sediment samples from Minipe Canal had lower levels of Cr (11.93±0.37 mg/kg) Pb (2.52±1.06 mg/kg), As (0.62±0.30 mg/kg), Cd (0.013±0.010 mg/kg), and potassium, resulting in substantially lower conductivity. In Minipe Anicut and Loggal Oya, heavy metal content followed the order Cd < As < Pb < Ni < Cr, with Minipe Anicut showing slightly higher concentrations. Furthermore, paddy soil analysis showed higher organic matter content in Dambagolla (4.16±0.46%) compared to Minipe (1.22±0.15%), while Minipe had higher heavy metal concentrations and potassium content (p<0.05). The results suggest that agricultural activities, natural geological factors, and localized contamination sources influence the water, sediment, and soil quality in the studied areas. Furthermore, findings reveal that heavy metal concentrations in surface water, sediment, and paddy soil were not significantly linked to the higher CKDu prevalence in Dambagolla compared to Minipe, suggesting greater influence from other critical factors, driving CKDu development in this region.