IPRC - 2016
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/157
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Item A Study of South Indian Influences on the Politics in Sri Lanka During the Post Conflict Period (2009-2015)(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Priyadarshani, H.E.N.; Samarawickrama, R.While an important place belongs to the relationships of Indo-Lanka since the past, the tendency, which can be seen currently, is the interference of South India alias Tamilnadu to the Sri Lanka politics after the war. The activities of several political parties especially in Tamilnadu, have made an influence for this situation. According to that making influences by South India to the decision of the central government in the Human Right Session of the United Nations, poser of fishermen of Lanka, attacks to the Sri Lankan pilgrims in India are some of the incidents, which take prominent place and because of these situations, brain-teasers have risen in the Sri Lankan politics. Therefore, this research is worthy and timely important in subjective wise. This study aimed to answer why the south Indian factor affects strongly towards the politics in Sri Lanka during the post conflict Period. This study study the south Indian interference results towards the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka and study the Indo-Lanka relationship in association with the foreign policies. As the methodology of this survey, the secondary data were utilized and the limitations of the survey had to study since 2009 to 2014. Results and conclusions of this study, Indo-Lanka relationship takes a strong place and situated location of Sri Lanka in South Asia is also considered as a significant matter. Since the origin of the Tamils, who live in Sri Lanka occurred inside India, especially South India acts by introducing a part of the Tamil, who lives in North as a component of their own. And the politics in Tamilnadu stands as the representatives of the Sri Lankan Tamil based on the doubt of occurring unjust from the Sinhalese Nationals in Sri Lanka for the Tamils in the North and the incidents, which happened in the past. Under these circumstances, it can be indicated that Indian interference to the Sri Lankan politics is becoming strongly.Item Female Leadership as Revealed by Historical Sources (Content Analysis from Historical and Archaeological Perspectives)(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Ranasinghe, S.For sake of safety, stability and integrity of the prevalent administration machinery the peace, their sacrificial commitment and the mediation of the Women factor played a very vital role. The stability and strength the power of intervention and commitment of the community of Women was a deciding factor for the safety and smooth running of the public administration machinery of ancient Sri Lanka. The Women and the ruler were not only the idealist forerunners in the dynamics of the field of politics of the social fabric of Sri Lanka, but also they were the carrier elements of the human culture. The women leadership which has not come up for an open serious discussion in the historical society has topped up to be an open topic of discussion. Intervention of the Women in the fields of politics does not come within the purview of the attitudes of the Women. The Women community established soon after the arrival of Arahath Mahinda Thero in Sri Lanka which spread all over Sri Lanka. Furthermore, the manner in which relationship were built between the Women and the ruler, the impact the Women made on the polity, the service ruler, rendered for the ruler, and what were the kind of benefits the ruler yielded from that support, the intervention the Women made on the ancient days polity, their role and the response that society offered towards that intervention of the Women all these are expected be studied critically in this paper. In the way so as to how the various and multiple recorded media very regarding the integration of the material and spiritual concepts, in the same way their historical roots also are found deposited in multiple fields. In the same way, this research is recorded as a comparative study of archaeological facts and pre-colonial system of records, all integrated and merged. Intervening of the Women into the political field became a powerful backing for the authority and power of the ruler going up immensely. It has tended to act directly and indirectly as well, both to freeze the pattern of the rule to a routine and tradition. In the same way, it was an effective force in feeding the rulers with a code of ethics and one that opened the ways and means of avoiding attacks and challenges to them shooting up from the open society. The cooperation extended by the rulers for the good of the Women community to the political institution and political leadership become a powerful force in shaping the leadership and the institution. But it also turned out to be a violent and sentimental force that disturbed the ancient political institution. Thus, the Women become the dynamic symbol of the force of the state balancing its historical political route. Also it has shown that those are dynamics and changing elements and also gifted them to the modern political fabric.Item Opportunities for Sri Lanka through China-Sri Lanka Relations (2004-2015)(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Madanayaka, S.A.K.Foreign policy of Sri Lanka has always maintained cordial relations with the world with the concept of non-alignment. China was one of the countries which had maintained strong relations with Sri Lanka since the 1952 Rubber Rice Pact. During the period of President Mahinda Rajapaksa (2004-2014), China has gained a prominent place in the country’s foreign policy. The present study intends to ‘identify positive opportunities which open up to Sri Lanka through maintaining of cordial relations with China during the period from 2004 to 2015’. The methodology that has followed for the study is qualitative in nature along with descriptive analysis. For the study, only secondary data has used. In examine the above research problem; the study only focuses on the strengths from content analysis. According to the findings of the study, the positive opportunities that possessed from China-Sri Lanka relations to Sri Lanka are, military assistance and aid during the peak of the war, financial aid for infrastructure development, investment in Sri Lanka, trade relations and political support from China to Sri Lanka during the post war period. In the conclusion, it can be elaborate that even though there are mutual benefits to both Sri Lanka and China through their strong relations, Sri Lanka itself could address its requirements depending on the Chinese source of assistance. In the meantime, China’s strategic interest has been achieved by establishing their presence in Sri Lanka which have sustained their ‘String of Pearls “policy? chain in Indian Ocean.Item The Protection of Geographical Indications in Sri Lanka: Need of a Registration System(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Pathiraja, P.M.A.S.In the era of knowledge based economy, the protection of industrial property rights plays an important role under the intellectual property law agenda. Among them, geographical indications (GIs) have been subjected to vigorous scholarly debate across the world in last two decades. GI as a distinctive sign, permits the identification of products on the market and protects the quality, reputation or other character of goods essentially attributable to their geographical origin. As a developing country Sri Lanka has varieties of natural resources with great economic value. Geographical Indications like Ceylon Tea, Ceylon Cinnamon, Ceylon sapphires are some of the major earners of foreign exchange in the country. Despite this GIs receive less attention when compared with other intellectual property rights. This has become a major issue in the development of law relating to GIs. Therefore, this paper discusses the problem of protecting products of geographical origin by exploring the laws available in Sri Lanka in terms of both domestic and international obligations. The present study expects to explore a domestic registration system of Geographical Indications as an option. It also expects to propose ways for strengthening the legal framework of the country in order to accord better protection for GI in Sri Lanka. This is a qualitative research based on literature review and mainly carried out by the reference of primary and secondary data such as statutes, International treaties, academic writings, journal articles and e-sources. The comparative analysis of successful legal position in selected jurisdictions such as, India have been followed in reaching the conclusion.Item Dengue Prevalence Trends in The Past Decade Across All Districts of Sri Lanka(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Prakash, T.G.S.L.; Ranasinghe, D.M.S.H.K.Dengue is a viral infection transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito. The global prevalence of dengue has increased dramatically in recent decades. Denguefever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) occur in over 100 countries and threaten the health of more than 2.5 billion people in urban and peri-urban areas especially in south and south East Asia including Sri Lanka. This study was conducted to find out the trends of reporting dengue cases in all the administrative districts over the last decade. All 25 districts were selected as study area. Annual dengue incidence data for each district over a 10-year period from 2006 to 2015 and Midyear population data of each year were collected. Then the number of cases per 1000 people per month was calculated in each year and plotted in scatter plots and calculated the gradient of linear trend line of each district. All statistical and graphical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2010. Reporting of dengue cases of all the 23 districts except Mathale and Vavuniya shows the increasing trend over the past 10 years and it can be recognized as a continues public health hazard in Sri Lanka. The gradients are ranging from 0.555 to -0.038. All the 23 districts show the positive gradients of trendline. People who live in Colombo, Jaffna and Gampaha districts are highly vulnerable for dengue fever. These finding indirectly emphasize that the different efforts employed by the authorities to control dengue cases in the country have less impact on dengue prevention. The researches have to be conducted to find out the actual courses of spreading dengue over the island and controlling measures have to be restructured to manage this public health hazard.Item Montmorillonite/TiO2 Advanced Hybrid Material Using Sri Lankan Clay: Preparation and Characterization(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Premaratne, W.A.P.J.Montmorillonite (MMT) is a naturally occurring crystalline silicate clay mineral. Nano titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2), particularly in the anatase form, is a photocatalyst under ultraviolet (UV) light. Nano-TiO2 is thus added to paints, ceramics, tiles, or other products for its sterilizing, deodorizing and anti-fouling properties and is used as a hydrolysis catalyst. The objective of this research is to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 by forming a hybrid material with MMT. Therefore, montmorillonite/TiO2 advanced hybrid materials was prepared using montmorillonite clay from Murunkan deposit in Sri Lanka. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of Murunkan clay was found as 65 meq/100 g. Raw materials, intermediate products, and the MMT/TiO2 hybrid material were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD and EDX data analysis revealed the presence of TiO2 in the hybrid material as anatase form. According to XRD and SEM data analysis average particle size of the nano TiO2 was found to be 60 nm. SEM images showed that the microstructure of the clay has not been destroyed during the formation of the MMT/TiO2 hybrid material. UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to measure the effectiveness of the photocatalytic activity of the hybrid material versus nano TiO2 for the degradation of methyl orange. In this experiment methyl orange was used as a model organic pollutant. Experimental results showed that after 4 hours MMT/TiO2 hybrid material degraded 92% of methyl orange while nano TiO2 has only degraded 67% under diffused light. The synthesized MMT/TiO2 advanced hybrid material exhibited much higher efficiency in degrading methyl orange compared to the same weight of nano TiO2 alone.Item Nanosilica from Sri Lankan Vein Quartz: Synthesis, Surface Modification and Characterization(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Premaratne, W.A.P.J.; Priyadarshana, W.M.G.I.Vein quartz is one of the most abundant minerals in Sri Lanka and it is mainly mined for porcelain and materials industries. Vein quartz is an economically viable earth resource for the production of nanosilica through chemical methods as a value added product. Nanosilica is one of the widely used nanomaterials in adhesives, sealants, paints & coatings, cement-based building materials and rubber composites as a reinforcing, thickening and flattening agent. In this research work, pure nanosilica was synthesized by a chemical precipitation method from Sri Lankan vein quartz. Finley ground quartz was refluxed with 3 M NaOH and then 0.5 M H2SO4 was added drop wise to adjust the pH of the solution to be around 8.0 to precipitate nanosilica. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data indicated that the natural Sri Lankan vein quartz is highly crystalline and pure. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data confirmed that vein quartz comprises pure silicon oxide with less impurities. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) data showed that synthesized nanosilica particles from vein quartz were in the agglomerate form with average particle size of 50 nm. XRD data showed a strong broad peak around 22.14o (2) indicating synthesized nanosilica was in amorphous form. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data indicated the structural change from crystalline silica (in vein quartz) to amorphous silica by the absence of a sharp peak at 695 cm-1 in the FTIR spectrum of nanosilica synthesized. Silica nanoparticles were subjected to surface modification by oleic acid (C18H34O2). Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) graph indicated the thermal decomposition of oleic acid in functionalized nanosilica with a significant weight loss between 350 ºC to 400 ºC. FTIR data showed that modified nanosilica with oleic acid indicated a carbonyl stretching peak of an ester bond at 1711 cm-1, which confirmed the ester bonding between silinol group and the carboxylic group of the oleic acid.Item Background Levels of Heavy Metals in Moss Hyophila Involuta as A Bioindicator Using Four Strict Nature Reserves in Sri Lanka: Sinharaja Rainforest, Knuckles Mountain Range, Horton Plains National Park and Hakgala Mountain Forest(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Jayalath, J.I.K.G.; Deeyamulla, M.P.; de Silva, R.C.L.Atmospheric deposition of six heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd) using the moss Hyophila involuta as a bioindicator was investigated to establish the background levels of heavy metals for different geographical and climatic zones of Sri Lanka. Moss sampling was carried out in four strict nature reserves in different geographical and climatic zones of Sri Lanka, namely Sinharaja rainforest (6°24′–6°27′ N, 80°24′–80°26′ E, 450– 500 m) from wet zone, Knuckles mountain range (7°31′ N, 80°43′ E , 1,000–1,300 m) from intermediate zone, Horton Plains National Park (6°46′–6°48′ N, 80°47′–80°49′ E, 2,000–2,200 m) and Hakgala mountain forest (6°55′ N, 80°48′ E, 1,700–1,800 m) from wet zone and Central highlands using about 10 sampling sites from each location within a month from October to November 2015. Concentrations of heavy metals in moss were analysed by using atomic absorption spectrometer. The atmospheric deposition of heavy metal concentrations in all sampling stations is given for dry weight of moss and the ranges of six elements around four strict nature reserves were 9.58– 65.68, 1.87–9.97, 1.20–10.56, 1.12–7.81, 1.20–10.60 and 0.05–0.36 μg/g for Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni Cr and Cd separately. According to the statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA , p < 0.05), accumulation of Cu, Cr and Cd in moss was not significantly change among four strict nature reserves and accumulation of Ni and Pb in moss was significantly higher around Hakgala mountain forest. Atmospheric deposition of Zn in moss was significantly higher around Knuckles mountain range area than other sampling locations. Therefore background levels of heavy metals in moss can be expressed as as 5.53 (±1.75), 7.23 (±2.11), 4.03 (±1.41), 6.61 (±2.58) and 0.17 (±0.06) μg/g for Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd respectively for the most of the geographical and climatic zones of Sri Lanka and background levels of Zn can be established as 30.62 (±8.11) and 47.42 (±12.31) μg/g for wet zone including Central highlands and intermediate zone of Sri Lanka respectively.Item Envenoming Snakebite Risk Map for Sri Lanka(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Ediriweera, D.; Kasturiratne, A.; Pathmeswaran, A.; Pathmeswaran, A.; Gunawardena, N.; Jayamanne, S.; Wijayawickrama, B.; Isbister, G.; Giorgi, A.D.E.; Diggle, P.; Lalloo, D.; de Silva, J.Snakebite is a neglected tropical disease. Hospital based statistics often underestimate snakebite incidence because a significant proportion of victims seek traditional treatments. Since geospatial risk assessments of snakebite envenoming are rare, health care resources are distributed based on administrative boundaries rather than on a need analysis. The aim of the study was to develop a snakebite envenoming risk map for Sri Lanka. Epidemiological data was obtained from a community-based island-wide survey. The sample was distributed equally among the nine provinces. 165,665 participants living in 1118 Grama Niladhari divisions were surveyed. Model-based geostatistics was used to determine the geographical distribution of envenoming bite incidence. The Monte Carlo maximum likelihood method was used to obtain parameter estimates and plug-in spatial predictions of risk. A predictive model was developed with natural and social environmental variables to construct an estimated envenoming bite incidence map and a probability contour map (PCM) to demonstrate the spatial variation in the predictive probability that local incidence does or does not exceed national envenoming snakebite incidence (i.e. 151 per 100,000). Envenoming bite incidence had a positive association with elevation up to 195 meters above sea level, with incidence dropping at higher elevations. The incidence of envenoming was higher in the dry zone compared to intermediate and wet climatic zones and decreased with increasing population density. Developed risk maps showed substantial within-country spatial variation in envenoming bites. Conclusion: The risk maps provide useful information for healthcare decision makers to allocate resources to manage snakebite envenoming in Sri Lanka. We used replicable methods which can be adapted to other geographic regions after re-estimating spatial covariance parameters for each region of interest.Item The Relationship Between Liquidity and Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Banks in Sri Lanka(Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Madhushani, N.; Wellappuli, N.Banking sector plays a crucial role in the financial system of a country and provides significant contribution to the development of the economy. Importantly, this study investigates the relationship between liquidity and profitability of banks in Sri Lanka for the period of five years from 2011 to 2015. Moreover, this study attempt to find significant differences in liquidity and profitability among the selected banks. Data was gathered from annual reports of 10 selected banks in Sri Lanka. For data analyzing it employed descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis, and ANOVA analysis. This study used current ratio and cash ratio as liquidity measures while profitability was measured by return on assets and return on equity. Further firm size was used as control variable. The findings of this study revealed that there is a significant and positive relationship between liquidity and return on assets while liquidity has an insignificant and positive relationship with return on equity. The impact of firm size on profitability is significant and positive. Moreover, there are significant differences in liquidity, profitability and firm size among the selected banks in Sri Lanka. These findings reveal that banks should pay attention in liquidity management and adopt efficient liquidity management techniques to maintain adequate liquidity level for maximizing its profitability.