ICBI 2023 (Full Papers)

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Coping with Workplace Stress by the Sri Lankan LGBTQ+ Community
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Madhusankha, W.A.I.; Jayasinghe, Chathuni
LGBTQ+ employees in Sri Lanka face workplace discrimination, as organizations lack adequate policies and practices to protect them from marginalization and vulnerability. Thus LGBTQ+ employees have to work under pressure and it affects their job satisfaction and performance. Sri Lankan LGBTQ+ studies are lacking due to challenges in finding respondents, overcoming social and cultural barriers, and gaining societal support. This study investigates workplace discrimination against LGBTQ+ employees in Sri Lanka, focusing on their feelings and perceptions. It also examines coping strategies for overcoming job stress and the best coping mechanisms for these employees. The research explores came out LGBTQ+ employees' experiences in Sri Lanka and potential solutions to workplace discrimination through a qualitative approach, interviewing eight respondents who experienced discrimination. The study findings reviled that LGBTQ+ employees are discriminated against in the workplace through social exclusion, sexual harassment, and hostile work settings. The research explored nine coping strategies practiced by the Sri Lankan LHBTQ+ employees and highlighted the four best strategies that were successful in Sri Lankan context. The studies’ findings provide significant insights for the organization's policymakers related to human resource management and scholars.
The impact on employee motivation and organizational performance (empirical study on executive employees in general insurance sector in sri lanka)
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Fernando, J.A.H.P; Buddhika, R
Employee motivation is a critical factor in determining the overall performance of an organization. This study provides an overview of the relationship between employee motivation and organizational performance, highlighting key concepts and implications. Motivation and organizational performance are essential tools for the success of any organization in the long run. On the other hand, there is a positive relationship between employee motivation and organizational performance reflected in numerous studies. Identifying research gaps between employee motivation and organizational performance in a specific context like Sri Lanka requires a thorough review of existing literature and an understanding of the country's unique socio-economic and cultural factors. This research aims to analyze the executive employees' motivations related to the general insurance industry. The study was based on the following three objectives; to determine the factors that increase the motivation of employees; to examine the requirements of a good motivational system and to examine the relationship between employee motivation and organizational performance. This study sought to find the impact between the independent variables (Financial benefits, Non-financial benefits, Management and Leadership factors, and Organizational factors), mediation variables, and dependent variable (Organizational Performance) through thirteen different hypotheses. This Primary data was collected from 369 executive employees of eight leading general insurance companies. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire and SPSS software was selected as key software for data analysis. According to the research results Organizational factors and Financial factors are statistically positive on Employee Motivation and Organizational Performance. Subsequently, the study highlights the relationship between the mediating variable and each independent variable. In conclusion, employee motivation is highly responsible for overall performance, and organizations that prioritize and nurture employee motivation are more likely to experience sustained success and financial growth.
Influence of performance-prove goal orientation on Knowledge Hiding among Undergraduates in Sri Lankan Universities
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Riswan, Sabnam; Mayuran, L
Knowledge hiding is ubiquitous among graduate students, which impedes knowledge sharing and transfer, and influences knowledge learning and scientific research. As far as Sri Lanka is concerned, Sri Lanka is also not the exception to the worldwide phenomenon of knowledge hiding, which has yet to be explored in more detail. This study, which draws from 200 Sri Lankan undergraduates, emphasizes that performance prove goal orientation directly influences knowledge hiding. Furthermore, the findings of this study imply that undergraduates who focus on group feedback will also have high level of knowledge hiding when with high level of performance prove goal orientation. Accordingly, it is also concluded that undergraduates who focus on individual feedback will not have high level of knowledge hiding when with high level of performance prove goal orientation. The study also highlights the insights that motivate the student in such a way to enhance the knowledge sharing behavior and practice among the students.
The impact of work-life balance on happiness with mediating effect of work stress; Hotline maintenance employees in Sri Lanka related to power sector organizations.
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Kankanamge, D.R.H; Wanigasekara, S.K
Maintaining hotlines are crucial to employees who works in power sector organizations. This research study therefore aimed to investigate the empirical gap related work-life balance and happiness of hotline maintenance workers with mediating effect of their work stress. Based on survey research design, we collected data from 235 employees using a questionnaire and analyzed. Study results indicate that work-life balance positively impact on employee happiness and negatively impact on work stress. Further, work stress has a negative impact on employee happiness. Finally, the results revealed that work stress negatively mediates the relationship between work-life balance and happiness of hotline maintenance workers. The findings provide employees of power sector organizations with valuable recommendations and directions on managing employee work-life balance, happiness and work stress.
Impact of virtual supplier auditing on mitigating sourcing risk: the case of fonterra brands lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Warnakulasuriya, Jamie
The worldwide pandemic scenario has changed how operations are carried out and restricted travel, which has brought focus to virtual supplier auditing. At the same time, Fonterra Brands Lanka, came up with the innovative idea of conducting their supplier audits on virtual platforms. The new process had been tested in 2021, but there was resistance to change based on the risk of sourcing that has been audited virtually as opposed to physically. Accordingly, this research is conducted to identify the impact that virtual supplier auditing has on sourcing risk. The research is carried out in quantitative methodology to gather data on the overall view of the majority staff members on the means of mitigating sourcing risk when suppliers are been audited virtually. The results of the study reveal that the effective preparation, encompassing factors such as the careful assembly of the audit team, the development of well-structured audit schedules, utilization of checklists, and seeking guidance from experts, can serve to alleviate the sourcing risk. Further, the virtual supplier audit is a more effective method in both monetary and time-saving aspects if it is practiced while maintaining standards.
Impact of Board Structure on Financial Performance with Reference to Listed Manufacturing Companies in Sri Lanka.
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Kumari, Piumi
The boardroom plays a crucial role within a company intending to bolster the performance of the company. Given its significance, many researchers have conducted several studies to investigate the impact of board structure on financial performance. Despite the extensive exploration of this relationship, there is no conclusive idea and there are incongruous findings relating to the topic of board structure and financial performance not only in the global context but also in the Sri Lankan context, especially for manufacturing companies. This study mainly focuses on the impact of board structure on financial performance in listed manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka with the intention of filling the research gap with regard to the field of board structure on financial performance. The study relies on secondary data that was gathered from the period from 2016 to 2021. Thirty (30) listed manufacturing companies in the Colombo Stock Exchange were selected as the sample of the study using simple random sampling. In addition, regression analysis was used to analyze the data while employing board size, CEO duality, and independent non-executive directors as independent variables and financial performance as the dependent variable which was measured using Return on assets and return on equity The findings reveal that board size had a significant negative impact on financial performance in connection with the theory of agency. However, CEO duality and the number of independent non-executive directors reacted perfectly with the financial performance as confirmed by the resource dependency theory. Therefore, this study assists companies in customizing their board structure which suits their requirements and offers valuable insight for enhancing corporate governance practices in Sri Lanka.
The impact on employee motivation and organizational performance (empirical study on executive employees in general insurance sector in sri lanka)
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Fernando, J.A.H.P; Buddhika, R
Employee motivation is a critical factor in determining the overall performance of an organization. This study provides an overview of the relationship between employee motivation and organizational performance, highlighting key concepts and implications. Motivation and organizational performance are essential tools for the success of any organization in the long run. On the other hand, there is a positive relationship between employee motivation and organizational performance reflected in numerous studies. Identifying research gaps between employee motivation and organizational performance in a specific context like Sri Lanka requires a thorough review of existing literature and an understanding of the country's unique socio-economic and cultural factors. This research aims to analyze the executive employees' motivations related to the general insurance industry. The study was based on the following three objectives; to determine the factors that increase the motivation of employees; to examine the requirements of a good motivational system and to examine the relationship between employee motivation and organizational performance. This study sought to find the impact between the independent variables (Financial benefits, Non-financial benefits, Management and Leadership factors, and Organizational factors), mediation variables, and dependent variable (Organizational Performance) through thirteen different hypotheses. This Primary data was collected from 369 executive employees of eight leading general insurance companies. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire and SPSS software was selected as key software for data analysis. According to the research results Organizational factors and Financial factors are statistically positive on Employee Motivation and Organizational Performance. Subsequently, the study highlights the relationship between the mediating variable and each independent variable. In conclusion, employee motivation is highly responsible for overall performance, and organizations that prioritize and nurture employee motivation are more likely to experience sustained success and financial growth.
The Impact of Switching Barriers on Consumer Intention to Purchase Ecofriendly Products within Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Hewage, K.G.I.; Ranaweera, H.R.A.T.
The modern consumer is keener on eco lifestyle. Using the theoretical lens of the theory of planned behavior, this current research seeks to examine the impact of switching barriers on consumers’ intention to purchase eco-friendly products. The research adopts an explanatory quantitative approach followed by a survey conducted by a structured questionnaire with 200 consumers. Accordingly, we identified a positive relationship between the high price, poor quality, high cost of purchase, lack of green advertising, low quality of information, and negative social norms on consumers’ purchase intention of eco-friendly products. However, no significant relationship was identified between negative attitudes and purchase intention. Further consumers’ environmental knowledge was found to be affected as a moderator with poor quality, high cost of purchase, low quality of information, negative social norms but not with the high price, and lack of green advertising. The findings of the study will support future businesses, governments, and individuals to take action to identify the strategies by examining the purchase intention. As this current research was limited to a quantitative study with a limited number of variables future research, particularly with a large sample size can provide further insights.As per the Central bank report statistics (Central Bank Annual Report, 2021), MSMEs improve social well-being while promoting equal wealth distribution and have a significant impact on Sri Lanka's GDP. The growth of the MSME sector will open up numerous chances for people at all societal levels through generating employment prospects.
Online Teaching and Learning in Higher Education; Student’s Perspective
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Madhushanka, L. P. D.; Karunarathne, R. A. I. C
The Covid-19 pandemic brought a significant shift in higher education, leading to the rapid adoption of exclusively online learning methods in Sri Lanka’s state universities. Prior to the pandemic, E-learning was not extensively utilized in these institutions, with most bachelor’s degree programs relying on traditional face-to-face lecturing and physical interactions. However, with the emergence of quarantine measures and lockdowns to curb the virus’s spread, universities had to prioritize E-learning to continue academic activities. This research aims to explore students’ perspectives on the online learning experience in Sri Lankan state universities during the pandemic. The study seeks to understand students’ perceptions of the management of knowledge delivery, the effectiveness of learning and assimilating information, and the use of E-learning platforms in the context of exclusively online education. By examining students’ viewpoints, this research endeavors to provide valuable insights that can guide educational institutions in enhancing their online learning strategies and meeting the evolving needs of students.
Determinants of Consumer Purchasing Intention for Residential Real Estate: Potential Middle-Income Buyers' Point of View in Colombo and Suburbs
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Weerakkody, T Nawodya; Wanninayake, Bandara
The residential Real Estate Market within the Market Economy plays a significant role and has been taken into consideration for the purpose of this study. Consumer behavior and intention lead to demand, which the study has explored to derive enormous benefits. The study of the housing market has become vital since the decision to buy a house is complex and unique beyond goods and services. The data was analyzed using the quantitative technique and utilized 384 respondents as the sample size within the study area chosen, which is Colombo and suburbs. This paper focused on the behavior of middle-income potential buyers within the Real Property market under the selected attributes, for instance, Price, Legal Attributes and Amenities. The main objective of the research was to analyze the impact of these determinants. Data was analyzed using regression. According to the study, attributes including location, legal aspects, and services have a favorable influence on a consumer's purchasing intention whereas price increases have an unfavorable impact. However, the study indicates that affordability, a moderating variable, has a significant impact on consumer purchasing intention.
Usability and Responsiveness of Chatbots on User Satisfaction and Continuance Intention of Generation Z in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Nirasha, L. K; Malkanthi, S.S.
Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots have gained a lot of attention over the past years. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of chatbot adoption, user experience, and user satisfaction on the use of chatbots. Based on a comprehensive review of literature, a conceptual model was developed to answer the research questions of the study and it was tested using 125 responses collected from an online questionnaire. The quantitative approach was used in this study. Data were analysed using PLS-SEM with SmartPLS 4. Findings revealed a significant positive effect of user satisfaction on continuance intention. Further, it revealed that perceived intrinsic values have a significant positive impact on user satisfaction compared to perceived extrinsic values. Usability had a more significant impact on perceived intrinsic values than responsiveness. But when it comes to perceived extrinsic values, responsiveness had a significant impact. The findings of this study provided important implications for business managers in planning appropriate strategies to get the maximum out of chatbots. Finally, the findings of this study highlighted the directions for future research. Future research could utilize the model developed in this study to deepen the knowledge in this context.
The Impact of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Factors and Trust on User Satisfaction of m-health Application Users in Colombo District.
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Gamage, P. T. T.; Kulasekara, G. R. S.
m-health, a technical progression of e-health, evolved with the rapid growth of digital healthcare platforms, healthcare-related mobile advancements, and the internet to serve its consumers in many ways. In developing countries, most consumers use m-health apps simply to channel doctors, order medicine, and perform other basic tasks. So, this study aims to discover the factors that influence the user satisfaction of Sri Lankan m-health application users in order to provide a clear rationale to m-health service providers m-health users. While this research follows a deductive, cross-sectional survey strategy-based research methodology, primary data sources are used in this study. First, this study will identify three possible factors (Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, and Trust) that influence the User Satisfaction of m-health application users. Then the researcher collected responses from 316 respondents by sending an online questionnaire to a sample size of 384 potential respondents. The analyzed data of this study indicated that all measures employed to measure the independent and dependent variables (PEoU, PU, Trust, and User Satisfaction) are reliable and that there are significant positive relationships between all independent and dependent variables. This research will help m-health service providers understand client expectations by providing clear conclusions. It will help them maintain and attract more users. This also gives current m-health app users a rationale to negotiate with their service providers, allowing them to demand more. Instead, future researchers can use this study's knowledge base and limitations to conduct more research.
Consumer ethnocentrism in the contemporary world - literature review.
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Mallikarachchi, M.C. K.; Kalpana, Ambepitiya
This paper aims to provide an overview of the literature on consumer ethnocentrism. Along with demographic, social, cultural, and psychological factors, product features and other facilities also impact consumer behaviour. The impact of many factors and problems on ethnocentrism is examined, and issues with the research's consistency in terms of definition and measurement are found. Investigating consumer ethnocentrism behaviour locally and globally is essential in considering the literature. Future study directions and a description of consumer ethnocentrism are suggested in the section "Directions for Research."
Effect of Micro Finance Services on Growth of Micro Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (msmes) in Service Sector Operating in Colombo District
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Liyanage, Sanduni; Liyanage, Chatura
The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) has been highlighted as a key strategic sector in Sri Lanka, serving as a catalyst for inclusive economic growth, regional development, job creation, and poverty reduction. Micro-finance is defined as a development tool that provides financial services and products such as very small loans, savings, micro leasing, and money transfer to assist the very poor in expanding or establishing their business. It’s mostly used in emerging economies where SMEs do not have access to other sources of financial assistance (Marguerite, 1998). Through a process of commercialization and privatization, the government has diminished its role as the economy's primary driving force. As a result, the emphasis has changed away from large-scale businesses and toward Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which have the ability to build local linkages for quick and long-term economic development. The organized private sector was tasked with spearheading following industrialization efforts. Incentives granted to encourage expanded engagement in various areas were aimed at solving and reducing challenges faced by industrialists in the country, resulting in increased participation in these industries. Incentives were given to encourage increased engagement in these sectors by addressing and reducing challenges faced by industrialists in the country, providing them more discretion in boosting their contribution to the national economy. There is no proper definition for defined MSMEs and different institutions defined in different ways to MSMEs. As defined in most cases, the number of employees and the value of assets are considered. Enterprise size by value of the asset as less than 1 million are micro, assets value between 20-50 million are medium, and more than 50 are large. (A. M.Adam & G.Tweneboah, 2008) And the department of census and statistics identify small industry as employees less than 10 and more than 10 are micro and small in respectively.
The Impact of Implementing Talent Management Practices on Sustainable Employee Performance (With Special Reference to executive-level Employees in Selected Apparel Companies in Wathupitiwala export processing Zone – Sri Lanka)
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Senadheera, S.P.D.M.; Peiris, J.M.P.M.
The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of implementing talent management practices on sustainable employee performance with special reference to executive-level employees in selected apparel companies in Wathupitiwala export processing zone – Sri Lanka. There were very few studies conducted on this area theoretically and empirically. Thus, the researcher focused on filling this void by conducting study to add the knowledge in the areas of implementing talent management practices and sustainable employee performance. The purpose of the research was to discover which four independent factors had an influence on sustainable employee performance. However, in the current field, there was substantial influence of learning and development and career management on sustainable employee performance. This study employed a cross-sectional design and quantitative approach. Data were collected via based on questionnaire used by previous researches of validity and reliability and the sample was 132 executive employees. Questionnaire was used for collection of data. Hypotheses were tested using stratified random sample and the finding revealed that there is positive impact of Implementing Talent Management Practices on Sustainable Employee Performance. However, there is not impact of Implementing talent attraction and talent retention practices on Sustainable Employee Performance. As a result, a structural model is created to outline how these relationships between Implementing Talent Management Practices on Sustainable Employee Performance.
The Impact of Consumer Perceived Value on Consumer Buying Intention for Value-for-Money Fashion Brands: Moderating Role of Age in Cambodian Market
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Manarangi, K.T.A.; Dharmawardane, M.N.S.H.; Dissanayake, D.M.R.
Consumer behavior of different products and services is featured by market-based factors apart from the individual factors. The notion of customer perceived value and its influence on purchase behaviors has been examined by different authors with reference to diversified product scopes. However, research gaps have been found in terms of fashion sector buying behavior as it connects to contextual factors. Accordingly, this study addresses the purchasing intention related issues found in Cambodian market for value for money fashion brands depending on empirical and practice related issues. This study was based on a deductive method and quantitative research techniques were used to investigate the purchasing intention for value for money fashion brands in Cambodian market. This study employed convenient sampling technique and distributed 450 questionnaires for the data collection process, but finally limited to 435 completed questionnaires for the analysis. It has analyzed the moderating effect of age for the same variable connections based on the research gaps claimed. Data was analyzed by using inferential statistical tools supported by SPSS-23 software. Results proved that different components of perceived value do have a significant effect on purchase intention towards value for money fashion brands in Cambodian market. The moderating rile of age was also proved statistically. This paper highlights dome managerial implications addressing market-related issues and practices.
Determinants of Risk-taking Behaviour of Licensed Commercial Banks: A Case of Licensed Commercial Banks in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Damayanthi, N M M; Gunawardhana, C S
Although being a widely researched area elsewhere in the world, the determinants of risk-taking behavior of Sri Lankan banks remain unexplored and important area considering the systemic importance of banks in the financial sector. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between risk-taking factors and its various determinants of banks. The study employs a panel data analysis using quarterly financial data of selected licensed commercial Banks (LCBs) in Sri Lanka for a period of 10 years, i.e., 2013Q1 to 2022Q4. The test results revealed that the size and corporate age of the banks have a negative relationship with the standard deviation of the net interest margin. NPL ratio, cost to income ratio and the diversification indicator reflected weak positive relationships with risk-taking behavior of LCBs. The outcome of the study may utilize for preparation of a risk-based supervision framework that can be used by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL). Further, the study stress CBSL to analyse the possibility of introducing stringent control mechanisms for newly licensed banks to be followed during the initial years of banking operations, considering the accumulation of excessive risks by such entities.
Sustainable Development in Sri Lankan Banks: A Non-Financial Disclosure Analysis
(2023) Rathnayake, R.M.D.L.D.; Weligamage, S.S.
The purpose of this study is to contribute to the ongoing discussion about Sri Lankan bank contribution toward sustainable development Goals (SDGs). This research aims to identify the scope of the contribution and SDGs approach among banks. A score is derived from four variables using the literature to identify the Sri Lankan banks' contribution to the SDGs and the extent of reporting about SDGs. The information mentioned by the banks about sustainable development in the non-financial reports has been considered through manual content analysis. The results of the study revealed that banks are paying more attention to SDGs that benefit the business. Different approaches of banks to SDGs can be seen. The study's findings confirm that there are differences in the attitudes of the banks toward the SDGs. This study is useful for bank managers and decision-makers to develop policies to support organisations in contributing to the SDGs and for taking strategic advantage of implementing the SDGs.
Enhancing Paddy Crop Quality Through Object Detection Techniques
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Sandeepanie, W.D.N.; Rathnayake, S.; Gunasinghe, A.
Rice is a crucial staple crop globally, providing over half of humanity's caloric intake. It supports the livelihoods of small-scale farmers and landless labourers worldwide. With the growing population, there is a high demand for rice production. Sri Lanka is renowned for its high-quality rice and has a long history of paddy cultivation. However, not all of the country's 708,000 hectares of land dedicated to paddy cultivation are utilized due to water scarcity and unstable terrain. The objective of this project is to enhance the quality of the paddy crop during its vegetative phase by early identification of diseases through the utilization of emerging technologies. The vegetative phase constitutes a critical stage in the growth of paddy, exerting significant influence on the overall yield, resistance to pests and diseases, nutrient assimilation, and the environmental implications of agricultural practices. The primary emphasis of this project is to identify diseases to which paddy crops are susceptible during the vegetative phase and subsequently present a visual representation of their locations on a map, serving as the output for end-users. Early identification of paddy diseases is crucial for effective crop management and high yields. These diseases, caused by different pathogens, can significantly hinder plant growth and productivity if not detected and treated promptly. Identifying them early allows farmers and experts to take timely and targeted actions, like applying suitable fungicides or implementing cultural practices, to control their spread and minimize crop damage.
The Impact of Green Investment on Firm Performance: Evidence from Listed Manufacturing Firms in Sri Lanka
(Faculty of Commerce and Management Studies, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Kannangara, Panchali; Panditharathna, Kushani
The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of green investment on the performance of manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka. This research is motivated by the recognition of the substantial environmental impact stemming from contemporary human activities, with manufacturing companies, in particular, being significant contributors to environmental pollution through their production operations. Three facets of green investment have been identified within the context, encompassing investments in renewable technologies, targeted adoption of energy-efficient technologies, and investments directed towards recyclable and sustainable materials. The manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka are the population of the study. Manufacturing firms that are listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange has been taken as the sample of the study. The annual reports of selected manufacturing companies were referred to collect data green investments and the performance of the companiesThe data collected was subjected to analysis using the STATA software to ascertain the impact of the selected variables on firm performance. The study findings indicate that selected energy-efficient technologies and investments in renewable technologies have a discernible impact on firm performance. However, it was observed that investments in recyclable and sustainable materials do not exert a statistically significant influence on firm performance. Therefore, the results of this study imply the practitioners that more investment in renewable technology and energy-efficient technologies enhances the performance of the firm.