Browsing by Author "Sumangala Thero, Pahiyangala"

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    An Analytical Study of the Concept of Soul Theory in Jainism
    (Centre for Asian Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2017) Sobitha Thero, Karapikkada; Wanarathana Thero, Wanarathana; Sumangala Thero, Pahiyangala
    In the philosophy of eastern thinking, Jainism is subjected to comprehensive discussion and analysis. It is possible to find out a lot of factors on Jainism from the early Buddhist tenants as well as other religious teachings. Jainism is of several principle teachings: Extreme Non-violence, Theory of Karma, Soul theory and Theory of Syād are some of the prominent teachings in Jainism. The world annotation has been done in Jainism by means of the spiritualism which was analyzed under the soul theory. They emphasize two entities which are regarded by way of the fundamental elements in Vēda, Upanisad and Sānkya philosophy, consisted not only of permanent characteristics but also impermanent characteristics. Obviously, Jainism goes beyond the meaning of Sath which was taught by the other philosophies. Jainism mentions by learning Sath that it is capable to see the permanence and impermanence at the same time: Uppāda vya dhravya yukthan sath. According to Jainism, there are nine divisions of Sath (existence) in the universe. Among these nine, Jīva (spirit) means soul theory. According to Jainism, the concept of soul is of two fold as Jīva (spirit) and Ajīva (non-spirit). Here, the teaching of Ajīva is divided into two parts as Rūpa (form) and Arūpa (formless). In this context Rūpa means person. The sky, Time, Elements, Fruit and Permanency are regarded as Arūpa. The meaning of Jīva was similar to the teachings of Prāna and Āthma which ware taught by other religions. Jainism proclaims volitional action as the fundamental characteristic of Jīva: cetanā lakshane jīvak. The volitional action, which is existed in spirit, affects to make an inequality among the beings as low and high. According to the Jainism, beings who belong to the lowest level are living on the earth, water, and vegetation. In this manner, Jainism is not based on Sathkāryavāda or Sathkāyavāda in relation to the Jīva. Therefore the firm objective of this paper is to make an analytical discussion regarding the Jain stand point on the soul theory.
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    Heritage Tourism: Development of the Ramba Vihara Complex as a Tourist Attraction
    (University of Kelaniya, 2015) Sumangala Thero, Pahiyangala; Rathnayake, M.V.R.M.S.; Jayathilaka, J.A.I.
    Ramba Viharaya is situated in Ambalangoda, Hambanthota District. Large numbers of religious monuments have been spread over around this site. The problem of this study was “how to promote Ramba Viharaya as a tourist attraction for both foreign and domestic tourists?” Main objective of this study was implementation of suggestions to develop this site as a tourist attraction. This study was conducted through primary and secondary data collective methods. The research was based on structured interviews and field observations. Ramba Vihara complex was occupied by many Buddhist monks since historic times. There are different types of historical buildings such as Sannipathashala, chapter houses, image houses and Buddha statues, inscriptions, ponds, etc., are some of the historical monuments. When developing this site for tourism several weaknesses can be identified including lack of infrastructure facilities, lack of promotions, inadequate transport and sanitary facilities, lack of government involvement, vandalism, no proper visitor management plan. Still Ramba Viharaya has been neglected by the tourists due to unavailability of tourism promoting strategies. This study presents recommendations to overcome this situation and to develop the site as an attraction among the visitors. Providing sufficient infrastructure facilities, establishing sanitary and accessibility facilities, improving tourist awareness by promotional programs, introducing proper visitor management plan are some recommendations to promote the site as a minor attraction.
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    How to conserve Væddā in Sri Lanka?
    (Centre for Chinese Studies, Department of Modern Languages, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Sumangala Thero, Pahiyangala; Rathanayake, S.
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    Recreating pre historic environment based on the spread of land snails and fresh water snails
    (Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Sumangala Thero, Pahiyangala
    Sri Lanka has been positioned as a small island in right direction in the Indian subcontinent. There are three major climatic and environmental zones in Sri Lanka including wet zone, dry zone and intermediate zone. Remains of snails found from the pre historic excavations and remains of presently living snails are supportive to identify the climatic differences occurred in more than thousands years ago. Research question of this study are to identify what were the eco system and climatic conditions appeared in ancient Sri Lanka (35000 years before present) and to examine the possibility of recreation of the ancient environment through the excavated remains of the snails. Objective of the study is to identify that how was the basic structure of the ancient environment prevailed in the island in ancient times.Major research method of the study is field observation and the data were collected from the primary sources including field observations carried out at the pre historic sites such as Pahiyangala, Batadombalena and Pothana. Previous researches were also referred as the secondary sources during the research. Remains of land snails were used as the main environmental factors to recreate the ancient environment consisted in ancient Sri Lanka. These snails had been adopted according to the various vegetation types of the Island. It is reported that 253 of land snails species and 94 of fresh water snail species have been found in Sri Lanka. Among them 05 of land snails are endemic to the island. Habitation of the land snails and fresh water snails can be found in the various vegetation types such as low land rain forest, sub Montana / Montana rain forest, dry monsoon forest and cultivated habitats.It has been identified that the snails have been survived at the pre historic cave sites (Fa-hian Cave, Batadomba Cave and Belilena Cave) and open areas 43,000 before present.Living patterns or habitats of these snails are different according to the climatic zones. It is possible to recreate the prehistoric environment through the usage of bio indicator species which are relative to the snail species found in currently. As most of the evidences of the snail remains are recorded from the wet micro habitats, it can be identified that the environmental and climatic condition of the country had not been changed severely. Some of the snail species examined during the research are cyclophorus (land snails), plandomus (fresh water snails) etc.
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    A Study of Prehistoric Settlement in Sri Lanka Through Archaeological Evidence
    (Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Sumangala Thero, Pahiyangala
    According to the latest excavation, it is revealed that the settlement of Sri Lanka dates back more than 6th century BC. These periods can be divided as Prehistoric, Proto historic and historic period. Main objective of this study is to identify when and how the human settlement of Sri Lanka established in the ancient times. Research method is included both primary and secondary data collection methods excavation reports of prehistoric and historic. First evidence of prehistoric settlements was found from the excavations at Balangoda area by Dr. S.U Deraniyagala and it was identified that those skeleton remains date back to 28000 years ago. They belonged to Homo Sapiens. There are large number of prehistoric sites in Sri Lanka which are extremely rich with evidences of prehistoric settlement sites. Pahiyan Cave 47000-5000 years BP, Batadomba Cave 36000- 13000 years BP, Belilena 30000-9000 years BP, Pothana 5800 years BP, Bellanbadhipelassa 12000 years BP, Aligala 5500-4100 years BP can be mentioned as the examples of prehistoric settlement sites. In Sri Lanka, proto historic period dates back between 2500-600 BC. This period is regarded as transitional period when permanent settlement, agriculture, iron usage, pottery industry can be identified as prominent aspects. As archaeological evidences of this period, Red ware 5300 BC and Black and Red ware 3100 BC from Dorawakakanda site, burials from the Pomparippuwa site such as Ranchamadama, Ibbankatuwa, Haldummulla and remains of a foundation of a house from Ranchamadama were found from several excavation. During the excavation at Anuradhapura inner city covering 5 km, it was excavated evidences of pottery usage, agriculture, brick usage of the ancient shelters in Sri Lanka. According to the inscription found from the sites such as Rambukkana, Diyagama, Pokunuwitw and Galapatha, it is clear that ancient settlement in the country prevailed continuously from historic period. According to the archaeological evidences, it is also clear that the ancient settlements of Sri Lanka which was limited by the historical chronicles, have been prevailed in various areas in different periods.
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    A study of the Buddhist monastery complex in the periphery of Sigiriya
    (University of Kelaniya, 2015) Sumangala Thero, Pahiyangala; Jayathilaka, J.A.I.
    Historically it is revealed that the Sigiriya Rock and its vicinity was a Buddhist monastery complex formonks, before it became known as a kingdom. The aim of this research is to identify whether there was a Buddhist monastery complex at the Sigiriya site before it was selected by King Kashyapa as his rock fortress in 5thcentury BC. The research attempts to prove that Sigiriya and its vicinity were occupied by monks since 3rdcentury BC. The methodology of the research includes the analysis of historical evidence from historical literary and archaeological sources including historical chronicles, inscriptions, archaeological sites and monuments. The Brahmin inscription on the rock shelter in one of the caves at Sigiriya complex offers proof that that this place was occupied by Buddhist monks. The phrase in the inscription “parumakalaguliyalene…” indicates that “Parumaka” has donated the cave complex to the Buddhist monks. More scientific evidence is provided by Prof. SenakaBandaranayaka who discovered through a pollen analysis that the Bodhigara of the Sigiriya complex dates back to 1st century BC. Archaeologists have identified that sites such as Pidurangala andRamakele had been donated to Buddhist monks by King Kashyapa for the purpose of continuing his kingdom at Sigiriya. Prof.SenarathParanavithana has stated thatSigiri maidens depicted in the Sigiriya frescoes show that they are on the way to worship at Pidurangala temple. According to archeological evidence, the Naipena Cave in the boulder garden has been identified as a Sangarama.Analyzing all these literary and archeological sources, it can be conclusively proven that the Sigiriya periphery was a Buddhist monastery complex before it functioned as a palace.
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    A study of the environment on establishing settlements of Homo sapiens around Fa-Hien cave (Pahiyangala cave)
    (The Research Center for Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Sumangala Thero, Pahiyangala
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    A study on the Contemporary Order of Monks’ Society based on the Sanskrit Inscription of Jetavana Monastery
    (Department of Sanskrit, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, 2016) Indajothi Thero, Baladora; Sumangala Thero, Pahiyangala
    It is well-known fact that, the inscription of Jetavana monastery is occupied a significant place amidst other found inscriptions in Sri Lanka. Although, this inscription is identified as inscription of Jetavana, it has already been attested that, it’s real name is the inscription of Abhayagiriya, by giving apparent evidences by prof. Paranavitana. The inscription was found from near the place of KuttamPokuna of Anuradhapura and today it is available in the museum. It is lengthened in four feet and four trench and also it is widened in three feet and three trench. The various prosaic system of information has been inscribed by using around forty lines on the inscription. Currently, the middle part has only been survived of the inscription. This inscription has been written by using of Sanskrit characters. Further, the inscription belonged to the 9th century AD and it will be very helpful to study behavioral system of order of monks’ society in the mediaeval period.Having established Buddhism and built a lot of temples in Sri Lanka, the era of Anuradhapura can be distinguished as a great number of monks were lived there. By the time of writing this inscription, the administration of monasteries may have been considered as special duty of order of monk. In according to that, it can be identified that, the discipline, togetherness and protection etc. were highly regarded. Hence, the information of this inscription is very useful to investigate the contemporary society of order of monk. An emendation of order of monks was found in the negotiation of the inscription, is highly paid attention and which is distinguished as the very first occasion of inscribing in an inscription by the scholars. On the other hand, we can speculate that, by having organized this kind of monasteries negotiations, because of appearing decline characteristics of the order of monks by that time.It is very interesting to note that, this research will be disused about the order of monks in the era of Anuradhapura by attending acceptable evidences which are related to the Archaeology.
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    The Subspecies of Asian Elephants
    (Centre for Asian Studies, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2016) Sumangala Thero, Pahiyangala
    The subspecies of Asian elephants can be classified under three main categories. Thereby the endemic species to Sri Lanka is named as Elephant maximus maxim. Also the subspecies of elephants that spread in the Indian sub-peninsula and indo-china territory are known as Elephas maximus indicus. Also the third group that spreads in a specific area of Sumatra Island is called Elephas maximus sumatranus. There is no considerable difference between the subspecies of Asian and African elephants. Adapting to various environmental factors from the edge of the west of South-East and Asian regions depends on its intensive characteristics arisen in the region. Two subspecies can be identified in Sri Lanka situated in the edge of the western region and Sumatra Island which is situated in the edge of the eastern region. Elephants that inhabit Sri Lanka and South India have the darkest and biggest auricles in their body. The spot spreads like depigmentation on their faces, auricles, trunk, feet and other parts in their body. Elephants who inhabit Sumatra and South Malesia have a small scale of body with light colour. Their auricles are smaller than other Asian elephants and depigmentation can be seen to an extent. The scale, colour, depigmentation and the scale of auricles of elephants in India, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Kambojiya between the edge of east and western regions have middle characteristics in above mentioned species. The Japanese elephant (Elephs maximus maximus rubridens) resembles elephants of Sri Lanka and it is also a subspecies of Asian elephants. These species merely date back 30000 years.
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    අනගාරික ධර්මපාලතුමන් දුටු ජතිකාභිවෘද්ධිය සඳහා භික්ෂු කාර්යභාරය පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනයක්
    (Department of Mass Communication, University of Kelaniya, 2015) Wijayawimala Thero, Suriyawewa; Indrajothi Thero, Baladora; Sumangala Thero, Pahiyangala
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    පුරාවිද්‍යාවේ මානව අස්ථි භාවිතයේ වැදගත්කම
    (Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, 2015) Sumangala Thero, Pahiyangala
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