Browsing by Author "Hettiarachchi, D. K."

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Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi in biocontrol of Aethina tumida (small hive beetle)
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2024) Wijethunga, P.; Hettiarachi, S.; Hettiarachchi, D. K.; Sandaruwan, M. K. D. D.
Small hive beetle (SHB) (Aethina tumida) is considered a scavenger and parasite of honeybees and their colonies especially outside of its native habitats. Larvae of A. tumida consume honeybees’ eggs, broods, pollen, and honey, causing a substantial destruction. To control the beetle, chemical pesticides are commonly used. However, this leads to the emergence of pesticide resistance and this also affects the honeybees as well as and the human health. Therefore, investigation of eco-friendly biological control methods is essential. A. tumida has been recorded recently in Kegalle, Sri Lanka, and this research aimed to evaluate entomopathogenic fungi as potential biological control agents of the beetle. Entomopathogenic fungi species were isolated using two methods: 1. the isolation of fungi from soil using greater wax moth larvae as the bait and 2. the use of natural insect cadavers with visible mycosis. In method 1, larvae were heat treated and placed on soil to prevent excessive webbing. Infected cadavers were placed on PDA containing amoxicillin. Emerging fungi were isolated, purified, and tested for pathogenicity with A. tumida adults and larvae. Treatment groups (n = 20) were tested by dipping for 3 seconds in 108 spore suspension, which was determined by hemocytometer and the control group (n = 20) was tested by dipping for 3 seconds in distilled water. Two out of five fungal species, namely sp1 and sp2, showed 100% mortality of the adults in eight days (p ≤ 0.001). All five fungal species had shown mortality in wandering larvae of the beetle among which four isolated fungal species had shown 100% mortality. Fungal sp1 and sp2 showed 100% mortality from 48 hours (p ≤ 0.001). Further investigations on the identification of fungal species, and the field trials on the control of A. tumida and the effects on non-target organisms are recommended.
A preliminary assessment of odonate (Insecta: Odonata) diversity and abundance in Mihintale lake and Kaludiyapokuna in Mihintale, Anuradhapura
(Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka, 2023) Rajapaksha, K. A. T.; Hettiarachchi, D. K.
The odonates of Sri Lanka comprise with 129 known species, including 67 species belongs to 12 families where 56 species (43%) are known to be endemic to the country. These organisms are currently threatened due to increase in human population and activities, climatic change, intensive agricultural practices and pollution and in need of conservation. Having less diversity, richness, abundance and distribution surveys is one of the key obstacles in conservation. There have been less surveys of odonates in dry zone areas. This study intended to prepare an inventory of odonates that inhabit two lotic ecosystems in dry zone. Four sample sites were selected from each lotic habitat. Visual observations of adult odonates were conducted by walking along belt transect of 100 x 3m that are adjacent to the water bodies in all four sample sites in the selected two lotic ecosystems. Observations were taken from 0900 h to 1100 h in the morning and 1500 h to 1600 h in the evening for six months from Kaludiya pokuna and Mihintale lake visiting three times per month to each site. The observed individuals were photographed. A total of 3,343 of individual odonates were recorded. A total of 22 species identified using standard field guides, belong to three families, Coenagrionidae (25.90%), Gomphidae (3.26%) and Libellulidae (70.83%), two vulnerable species Aciagrion occidentale and Ceriagrion cerinorubellum, two endemic species Cyclogomphus gynostylus and Pseudagrion rubriceps ceylonicum where one was considered as critically endangered and three nearly threatened species Orthetrum glaucum, Hydrobasileus croceus and Rhodothemis rufa were recorded. The diversity of odonates and abundance was higher in Mihintale lake because Shannon – Weiner diversity index (2.267) and Simpson’s diversity index (0.854) and Eveness (0.817) were high for Mihintale lake. The highest number of individuals that observed was Brachythemis contaminata in both study sites as a total but in Kaludiya pokuna number of individuals that was observed from this species was higher than Mihintale lake. This study shows odonate diversity is high in both lotic habitats that were studied and in Mihintale lake it is higher than Kaludiya pokuna. This study needs to be further expanded taking microhabitat parameters, water quality parameters and expanding it over time and area. Further, both lotic and lentic habitats can be considered with and without/less anthropogenic activities.