Browsing by Author "Graff, M."

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    Genetic drivers of heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology
    (Nature Publishing Group, 2024) Suzuki, K.; Hatzikotoulas, K.; Southam, L.; Taylor, H.J.; Yin, X.; Lorenz, K.M.; Mandla, R.; Huerta-Chagoya, A.; Melloni, G.E.M.; Kanoni, S.; Rayner, N.W.; Bocher, O.; Arruda, A.L.; Sonehara, K.; Namba, S.; Namba, S.S.K.; Preuss, M.H.; Petty, L.E.; Schroeder, P.; Vanderwerff, B.; Kals, M.; Bragg. F.; Lin, K.; Guo, X.; Zhang, W.; Yao, J.; Kim, Y.J.; Graff, M.; Takeuchi, F.; Nano, J.; Lamri, A.; Nakatochi, M.; Moon, S.; Scott, R.A.; Cook, J.P.; Lee, J.J.; Pan, I.; Taliun, D.; Parra, E.J.; Chai. J.F.; Bielak, L.F.; Tabara, Y.; Hai, Y.; Thorleifsson, G.; Grarup, N.; Sofer, T.; Wuttke, M.; Sarnowski, C.; Gieger, C.; Nousome, D.; Trompet, S.; Kwak, S.H.; Long, J.; Sun, M.; Tong, L.; Chen, W.M.; Nongmaithem, S.S.; Noordam, R.; Lim, V.J.Y.; Tam, C.H.T.; Joo, Y.Y.; Chen, C.H.; Raffield, L.M.; Prins, B.P.; Nicolas, A.; Yanek, L.R.; Chen, G.; Brody, J.A.; Kabagambe, E.; An, P.; Xiang, A.H.; Choi, H.S.; Cade, B.E.; Tan, J.; Broadaway, K.A.; Williamson, A.; Kamali, Z.; Cui, J.; Thangam, M.; Adair, L.S.; Adeyemo, A.; Aguilar-Salinas, C.A.; Ahluwalia, T.S.; Anand, S.S.; Bertoni, A.; Bork-Jensen, J.; Brandslund, I.; Buchanan, T.A.; Burant, C.F.; Butterworth, A.S.; Canouil, M.; Chan, J.C.N.; Chang, L.C.; Chee, M.L.; Chen, J.; Chen, S.H.; Chen, Y.T.; Chen, Z.; Chuang, L.M.; Cushman, M.; Danesh, J.; Das, S.K.; de Silva, H.J.; Dedoussis, G.; Dimitrov, L.; Doumatey, A.P.; Du, S.; Duan, Q.; Eckardt, K.U.; Emery, L.S.; Evans, D.S.; Evans, M.K.; Fischer, K.; Floyd, J.S.; Ford, I.; Franco, O.H.; Frayling, T.M.; Freedman, B.I.; Genter, P.; Gerstein, H.C.; Giedraitis, V.; González-Villalpando, C.; González-Villalpando, M.E.; Gordon-Larsen, P.; Gross, M.; Guare, L.A.; Hackinger, S.; Hakaste, L.; Han, S.; Hattersley, A.T.; Herder, C.; Horikoshi, M.; Howard, A.; Hsueh, W.; Huang, M.; Huang, W.; Hung, Y.; Hwang, M.Y.; Hwu, C.; Ichihara, S.; Ikram, M.A.; Ingelsson, M.; Islam, M.T.; Isono, M.; Jang, H.; Jasmine, F.; Jiang, G.; Jonas, J.B.; Jørgensen, T.; Kamanu, F.K.; Kandeel, F.R.; Kasturiratne, A.; Katsuya, T.; Kaur, V.; Kawaguchi,T.; Keaton, J.M.; Kho, A.N.; Khor, C.; Kibriya, M.G.; Kim, D.; Kronenberg, F.; Kuusisto , J.; Läll, K.; Lange, L.A.; Lee, K.M.; Lee, M.; Lee, N.R.; Leong, A.; Li, L.; Li, Y.; Li-Gao, R.; Ligthart, S.; Lindgren, C.M.; Linneberg, A.; Liu, C.; Liu, J.; Locke, A.E.; Louie, T.; Luan, J.; Luk, A.O.; Luo, X.; Lv, J.; Lynch, J.A.; Lyssenko, V.; Maeda, S.; Mamakou, V.; Mansuri, S.R.; Matsuda, K.; Meitinger, T.; Melander, O.; Metspalu, A.; Mo, H.; Morris, A.D.; Moura, F.A.; Nadler, J.L.; Nalls, M.A.; Nayak, U.; Ntalla, I.; Okada, Y.; Orozco, L.; Patel, S.R.; Patil, S.; Pei, P.; Pereira, M.A.; Peters, A.; Pirie, F.J.; Polikowsky, H.G.; Porneala, B.; Prasad, G.; Rasmussen-Torvik, L.J.; Reiner, A.P.; Roden, M.; Rohde, R.; Roll, K.; Sabanayagam, C.; Sandow, K.; Sankareswaran , A.; Sattar,N.; Schönherr, S.; Shahriar, M.; Shen , B.; Shi, J.; Shin, D.M.; Shojima, N.; Smith, J.A.; So, W.Y.; Stančáková, A.; Steinthorsdottir, V.; Stilp, A.M.; Strauch, K.; Taylor, K.D.; Thorand, B.; Thorsteinsdottir, U.; Tomlinson, B.; Tran, T.C.; Tsai, F.; Tuomilehto, J.; Tusie-Luna, T.; Udler , M.S.; Valladares-Salgado, A.; Dam, R.M.V.; Klinken, J.B.V.; Varma, R.; Wacher-Rodarte, N.; Wheeler,E.; Wickremasinghe, A.R.; Dijk, K.W.V.; Witte, D.R.; Yajnik, C.S.; Yamamoto, K.; Yamamoto, K.; Yoon, K.; Yu, C.; Yuan, J.; Yusuf, S.; Zawistowski, M.; Zhang, L.; Zheng, W.; Raffel, L.J.; Igase, M.; Ipp, E.; Redline, S.; Cho, Y.S.; Lind, L.; Province, M.A.; Fornage, .M.; Hanis, C.L.; Ingelsson, E.; Zonderman, A.B.; Psaty, B.M.; Wang, Y.; Rotimi, C.N.; Becker,D.M.; Matsuda,F.; Liu, Y.; Yokota,M.; Kardia, S.L.R.; Peyser, P.A.; Pankow, J.S.; Engert, J.C.; Bonnefond, A.; Froguel, P.; Wilson, J.G.; Sheu, W.H.H.; Wu, J.; Hayes, M.G.; Ma, R.C.W.; Wong, T.; Mook-Kanamori, D.O.; Tuomi, T.; Chandak, G.R.; Collins, F.S.; Bharadwaj, D.; Paré, G.; Sale, M.M.; Ahsan, H.; Motala, A.A.; Shu , X.; Park, K.; Jukema, J.W.; Cruz, M.; Chen, Y.I.; Rich, S.S.; McKean-Cowdin, R.; Grallert, H.; Cheng, C.; Ghanbari,M.; Tai , E.; Dupuis, J.; Kato, N.; Laakso, M.; Köttgen, A.; Koh, W.; Bowden, D.W.; Palmer, C.N.A.; Kooner, J.S.; Kooperberg, C.; Liu, S.; North, K.E.; Saleheen, D.; Hansen, T.; Pedersen, O.; Wareham, N.J.; Lee, J.; Kim, B.; Millwood , I.Y.; Walters, R.G.; Stefansson, K.; Ahlqvist, E.; Goodarzi, M.O.; Mohlke, K.L.; Langenberg, C.; Haiman, C.A.; Loos, R.J.F.; Florez, J.C.; Rader, D.J.; Ritchie, M.D.; Zöllner, S.; Mägi, R.; Marston, N.A.; Ruff, C.T.; Heel , D.A.V.; Finer, S.; Denny, J.C.; Yamauchi, T.; Kadowaki, T.; Chambers, J.C.; Ng, M.C.Y.; Sim, X.; Below, J.E.; Tsao, P.S.; Chang, K.; McCarthy, M.I.; Meigs, J.B.; Mahajan, A.; Spracklen, C.N.; Mercader, J.M.; Boehnke, M.; Rotter, J.I.; Vujkovic, M.; Voight, B.F.; Morris, A.P.; Zeggini, E.
    Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease that develops through diverse pathophysiological processes1,2 and molecular mechanisms that are often specific to cell type3,4. Here, to characterize the genetic contribution to these processes across ancestry groups, we aggregate genome-wide association study data from 2,535,601 individuals (39.7% not of European ancestry), including 428,452 cases of T2D. We identify 1,289 independent association signals at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8) that map to 611 loci, of which 145 loci are, to our knowledge, previously unreported. We define eight non-overlapping clusters of T2D signals that are characterized by distinct profiles of cardiometabolic trait associations. These clusters are differentially enriched for cell-type-specific regions of open chromatin, including pancreatic islets, adipocytes, endothelial cells and enteroendocrine cells. We build cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores5 in a further 279,552 individuals of diverse ancestry, including 30,288 cases of T2D, and test their association with T2D-related vascular outcomes. Cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and end-stage diabetic nephropathy across ancestry groups, highlighting the importance of obesity-related processes in the development of vascular outcomes. Our findings show the value of integrating multi-ancestry genome-wide association study data with single-cell epigenomics to disentangle the aetiological heterogeneity that drives the development and progression of T2D. This might offer a route to optimize global access to genetically informed diabetes care.
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    Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis
    (BioMed Central Ltd, 2022) Kanoni, S.; Graham, S.E.; Wang, Y.; Surakka, I.; Ramdas, S.; Zhu, X.; Clarke, S.L.; Bhatti, K.F.; Vedantam, S.; Winkler, T.W.; Locke, A.E.; Marouli, E.; Zajac, G.J.M.; Wu, K.H.; Ntalla, I.; Hui, Q.; Klarin, D.; Hilliard, A.T.; Wang, Z.; Xue, C.; Thorleifsson, G.; Helgadottir, A.; Gudbjartsson, D.F.; Holm, H.; Olafsson, I.; Hwang, M.Y.; Han, S.; Akiyama, M.; Sakaue, S.; Terao, C.; Kanai, M.; Zhou, W.; Brumpton, B.M.; Rasheed, H.; Havulinna, A.S.; Veturi, Y.; Pacheco, J.A.; Rosenthal, E.A.; Lingren, T.; Feng, Q.; Kullo, I.J.; Narita, A.; Takayama, J.; Martin, H.C.; Hunt, K.A.; Trivedi, B.; Haessler, J.; Giulianini, F.; Bradford, Y.; Miller, J.E.; Campbell, A.; Lin, K.; Lin, K.; Millwood, I.Y.; Rasheed, A.; Hindy, G.; Faul, J.D.; Zhao, W.; Weir, D.R.; Turman, C.; Huang, H.; Graff, M.; Choudhury, A.; Sengupta, D.; Mahajan, A.; Brown, M.R.; Zhang, W.; Yu, K.; Schmidt, E.M.; Pandit, A.; Gustafsson, S.; Yin, X.; Luan, J.; Zhao, J.H.; Matsuda, F.; Jang, H.M.; Yoon, K.; Medina-Gomez, C.; Pitsillides, A.; Hottenga, J.J.; Wood, A.R.; Ji, Y.; Gao, Z.; Haworth, S.; Yousri, N.A.; Mitchell, R.E.; Chai, J.F.; Aadahl, M.; Bjerregaard, A.A.; Yao, J.; Manichaikul, A.; Hwu, C.M.; Hung, Y.J.; Warren, H.R.; Ramirez, J.; Bork-Jensen, J.; Kårhus, L.L.; Goel, A.; Sabater-Lleal, M.; Noordam, R.; Mauro, P.; Matteo, F.; McDaid, A.F.; Marques-Vidal, P.; Wielscher, M.; Trompet, S.; Sattar, N.; Møllehave, L.T.; Munz, M.; Zeng, L.; Huang, J.; Yang, B.; Poveda, A.; Kurbasic, A.; Lamina, C.; Forer, L.; Scholz, M.; Galesloot, T.E.; Bradfield, J.P.; Ruotsalainen, S.E.; Daw, E.; Zmuda, J.M.; Mitchell, J.S.; Fuchsberger, C.; Christensen, H.; Brody, J.A.; Vazquez-Moreno, M.; Feitosa, M.F.; Wojczynski, M.K.; Wang, Z.; Preuss, M.H.; Mangino, M.; Christofidou, P.; Verweij, N.; Benjamins, J.W.; Engmann, J.; Tsao, N.L.; Verma, A.; Slieker, R.C.; Lo, K.S.; Zilhao, N.R.; Le, P.; Kleber, M.E.; Delgado, G.E.; Huo, S.; Ikeda, D.D.; Iha, H.; Yang, J.; Liu, J.; Demirkan, A.; Leonard, H.L.; Marten, J.; Frank, M.; Schmidt, B.; Smyth, L.J.; Cañadas-Garre, M.; Wang, C.; Nakatochi, M.; Wong, A.; Hutri-Kähönen, N.; Lyssenko, V.; Fernandez-Lopez, J.C.; Huerta-Chagoya, A.; Xia, R.; Sim, X.; Nongmaithem, S.S.; Bayyana, S.; Stringham, H.M.; Irvin, M.R.; Oldmeadow, C.; Kim, H.N.; Ryu, S.; Timmers, P,R,H,J,; Arbeeva, L.; Dorajoo, R.; Lange, L.A.; Prasad, G.; Lorés-Motta, L.; Pauper, M.; Long, J.; Li, X.; Theusch, E.; Takeuchi, F.; Spracklen, C.N.; Loukola, A.; Bollepalli, S.; Warner, S.C.; Wang, Y.X.; Wei, W.B.; Nutile, T.; Ruggiero, D.; Sung, Y.J.; Chen, S.; Liu, F.; Yang, J.; Kentistou, K.A.; Banas, B.; Nardone, G.G.; Meidtner, K.; Bielak, L.F.; Smith, J.A.; Hebbar, P.; Farmaki, A.E.; Hofer, E.; Lin, M.; Concas, M.P.; Vaccargiu, S.; van der Most, P.J.; Pitkänen, N.; Cade, B.E.; van der Laan, S.W.; Chitrala, K.N.; Weiss, S.; Bentley, A.R.; Doumatey, A.P.; Adeyemo, A.A.; Lee, J.Y.; Petersen, E.R.B.; Nielsen, A.A.; Choi, H.S.; Nethander, M.; Freitag-Wolf, S.; Southam, L.; Rayner, N.W.; Wang, C.A.; Lin, S.Y.; Wang, J.S.; Couture, C.; Lyytikäinen, L.P.; Nikus, K.; Cuellar-Partida, G.; Vestergaard, H.; Hidalgo, B.; Giannakopoulou, O.; Cai, Q.; Obura, M.O.; van Setten, J.; Li, X.; Liang, J.; Tang, H.; Terzikhan, N.; Shin, J.H.; Jackson, R.D.; Reiner, A.P.; Martin, L.W.; Chen, Z.; Li, L.; Kawaguchi, T.; Thiery, J.; Bis, J.C.; Launer, L.J.; Li, H.; Nalls, M.A.; Raitakari, O.T.; Ichihara, S.; Wild, S.H.; Nelson, C.P.; Campbell, H.; Jäger, S.; Nabika, T.; Al-Mulla, F.; Niinikoski, H.; Braund, P.S.; Kolcic, I.; Kovacs, P.; Giardoglou, T.; Katsuya, T.; de Kleijn, D.; de Borst, G.J.; Kim, E.K.; Adams, H.H.H.; Ikram, M.A.; Zhu, X.; Asselbergs, F.W.; Kraaijeveld, A.O.; Beulens, J.W.J.; Shu, X.O.; Rallidis, L.S.; Pedersen, O.; Hansen, T.; Mitchell, P.; Hewitt, A.W.; Kähönen, M.; Pérusse, L.; Bouchard, C.; Tönjes, A.; Chen, Y.I.; Pennell, C.E.; Mori, T.A.; Lieb, W.; Franke, A.; Ohlsson, C.; Mellström, D.; Cho, Y.S.; Lee, H.; Yuan, J.M.; Koh, W.P.; Rhee, S.Y.; Woo, J.T.; Heid, I.M.; Stark, K.J.; Zimmermann, M.E.; Völzke, H.; Homuth, G.; Evans, M.K.; Zonderman, A.B.; Polasek, O.; Pasterkamp, G.; Hoefer, I.E.; Redline, S.; Pahkala, K.; Oldehinkel, A.J.; Snieder, H.; Biino, G.; Schmidt, R.; Schmidt, H.; Bandinelli, S.; Dedoussis, G.; Thanaraj, T.A.; Kardia, S.L.R.; Peyser, P.A.; Kato, N.; Schulze, M.B.; Girotto, G.; Böger, C.A.; Jung, B.; Joshi, P.K.; Bennett, D.A.; de Jager, P.L.; Lu, X.; Mamakou, V.; Brown, M.; Caulfield, M.J.; Munroe, P.B.; Guo, X.; Ciullo, M.; Jonas, J.B.; Samani, N.J.; Kaprio, J.; Pajukanta, P.; Tusié-Luna, T.; Aguilar-Salinas, C.A.; Adair, L.S.; Bechayda, S.A.; de Silva, H.J.; Wickremasinghe, A.R.; Krauss, R.M.; Wu, J.Y.; Zheng, W.; Hollander, A.I.; Bharadwaj, D.; Correa, A.; Wilson, J.G.; Lind, L.; Heng, C.K.; Nelson, A.E.; Golightly, Y.M.; Wilson, J.F.; Penninx, B.; Kim, H.L.; Attia, J.; Scott, R.J.; Rao, D.C.; Arnett, D.K.; Hunt, S.C.; Walker, M.; Koistinen, H.A.; Chandak, G.R.; Mercader, J.M.; Costanzo, M.C.; Jang, D.; Burtt, N.P.; Villalpando, C.G.; Orozco, L.; Fornage, M.; Tai, E.; van Dam, R.M.; Lehtimäki, T.; Chaturvedi, N.; Yokota, M.; Liu, J.; Reilly, D.F.; McKnight, A.J.; Kee, F.; Jöckel, K.H.; McCarthy, M.I.; Palmer, C.N.A.; Vitart, V.; Hayward, C.; Simonsick, E.; van Duijn, C.M.; Jin, Z.B.; Qu, J.; Hishigaki, H.; Lin, X.; März, W.; Gudnason, V.; Tardif, J.C.; Lettre, G.; Hart, L.M.; Elders, P.J.M.; Damrauer, S.M.; Kumari, M.; Kivimaki, M.; van der Harst, P.; Spector, T.D.; Loos, R.J.F.; Province, M.A.; Parra, E.J.; Cruz, M.; Psaty, B.M.; Brandslund, I.; Pramstaller, P.P.; Rotimi, C.N.; Christensen, K.; Ripatti, S.; Widén, E.; Hakonarson, H.; Grant, S.F.A.; Kiemeney, L.A.L.M.; de Graaf, J.; Loeffler, M.; Kronenberg, F.; Gu, D.; Erdmann, J.; Schunkert, H.; Franks, P.W.; Linneberg, A.; Jukema, J.W.; Khera, A.V.; Männikkö, M.; Jarvelin, M.R.; Kutalik, Z.; Francesco, C.; Mook-Kanamori, D.O.; van Dijk, K.W.; Watkins, H.; Strachan, D.P.; Grarup, N.; Sever, P.; Poulter, N.; Chuang, L.M.; Rotter, J.I.; Dantoft, T.M.; Karpe, F.; Neville, M.J.; Timpson, N.J.; Cheng, C.Y.; Wong, T.Y.; Khor, C.C.; Li, H.; Sabanayagam, C.; Sabanayagam, C.; Peters, A.; Gieger, C.; Hattersley, A.T.; Pedersen, N.L.; Magnusson, P.K.E.; Boomsma, D.I.; Willemsen, A.H.M.; Cupples, L.; van Meurs, J.B.J.; Ghanbari, M.; Gordon-Larsen, P.; Huang, W.; Kim, Y.J.; Tabara, Y.; Wareham, N.J.; Langenberg, C.; Zeggini, E.; Kuusisto, J.; Laakso, M.; Ingelsson, E.; Abecasis, G.; Chambers, J.C.; Kooner, J.S.; de Vries, P.S.; Morrison, A.C.; Hazelhurst, S.; Ramsay, M.; North, K.E.; Daviglus, M.; Kraft, P.; Martin, N.G.; Whitfield, J.B.; Abbas, S.; Saleheen, D.; Walters, R.G.; Holmes, M.V.; Black, C.; Smith, B.H.; Baras, A.; Justice, A.E.; Buring, J.E.; Ridker, P.M.; Chasman, D.I.; Kooperberg, C.; Tamiya, G.; Yamamoto, M.; van Heel, D.A.; Trembath, R.C.; Wei, W.Q.; Jarvik, G.P.; Namjou, B.; Hayes, M.G.; Ritchie, M.D.; Jousilahti, P.; Salomaa, V.; Hveem, K.; Åsvold, B.O.; Kubo, M.; Kamatani, Y.; Okada, Y.; Murakami, Y.; Kim, B.J.; Thorsteinsdottir, U.; Stefansson, K.; Zhang, J.; Chen, Y.; Ho, Y.L.; Lynch, J.A.; Rader, D.J.; Tsao, P.S.; Chang, K.M.; Cho, K.; O'Donnell, C.J.; Gaziano, J.M.; Wilson P.W.F.; Frayling, T.M.; Hirschhorn, J.N.; Kathiresan, S.; Mohlke, K.L.; Sun, Y.V.; Morris, A.P.; Boehnke, M.; Brown, C.D.; Natarajan, P.; Deloukas, P.; Willer, C.J.; Assimes, T.L.; Peloso, G.M.
    BACKGROUND: Genetic variants within nearly 1000 loci are known to contribute to modulation of blood lipid levels. However, the biological pathways underlying these associations are frequently unknown, limiting understanding of these findings and hindering downstream translational efforts such as drug target discovery. RESULTS: To expand our understanding of the underlying biological pathways and mechanisms controlling blood lipid levels, we leverage a large multi-ancestry meta-analysis (N = 1,654,960) of blood lipids to prioritize putative causal genes for 2286 lipid associations using six gene prediction approaches. Using phenome-wide association (PheWAS) scans, we identify relationships of genetically predicted lipid levels to other diseases and conditions. We confirm known pleiotropic associations with cardiovascular phenotypes and determine novel associations, notably with cholelithiasis risk. We perform sex-stratified GWAS meta-analysis of lipid levels and show that 3-5% of autosomal lipid-associated loci demonstrate sex-biased effects. Finally, we report 21 novel lipid loci identified on the X chromosome. Many of the sex-biased autosomal and X chromosome lipid loci show pleiotropic associations with sex hormones, emphasizing the role of hormone regulation in lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings provide insights into the biological mechanisms through which associated variants lead to altered lipid levels and potentially cardiovascular disease risk.
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    A large-scale multi-ancestry genome-wide study accounting for smoking behavior identifies multiple significant loci for blood pressure
    (University of Chicago Press, 2018) Sung, Y.J.; Winkler, T.W.; de Las Fuentes, L.; Bentley, A.R.; Brown, M.R.; Kraja, A.T.; Schwander, K.; Ntalla, I.; Guo, X.; Franceschini, N.; Lu, Y.; Cheng, C.Y.; Sim, X.; Vojinovic, D.; Marten, J.; Musani, S.K.; Li, C.; Feitosa, M.F.; Kilpelainen, T.O.; Richard, M.A.; Noordam, R.; Aslibekyan, S.; Aschard, H.; Bartz, T.M.; Dorajoo, R.; Liu, Y.; Manning, A.K.; Rankinen, T.; Smith, A.V.; Tajuddin, S.M.; Tayo, B.O.; Warren, H.R.; Zhao, W.; Zhou, Y.; Matoba, N.; Sofer, T.; Alver, M.; Amini, M.; Boissel, M.; Chai, J.F.; Chen, X.; Divers, J.; Gandin, I.; Gao, C.; Giulianini, F.; Goel, A.; Harris, S.E.; Hatwig, F.P.; Horimoto, A.R.V.R.; Hsu, F.C.; Jackson, A.U.; Kahonen, M.; Kasturiratne, A.; Kuhnel, B.; Leander, K.; Lee, W.J.; Lin, K.H.; an Luan, J.; McKenzie, C.A.; Meian, H.; Nelson, C.P.; Rauramaa, R.; Schupf, N.; Scott, R.A.; Sheu, W.H.H.; Stancakova, A.; Takeuchi, F.; van der Most, P.J.; Varga, T.V.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; Ware, E.B.; Weiss, S.; Wen, W.; Yanek, L.R.; Zhang, W.; Zhao, J.H.; Afag, S.; Alfred, T.; Amin, N.; Arking, D.; Aung, T.; Barr, R.G.; Bielak, L.F.; Boerwincle, E.; Bottinger, E.P.; Braund, P.S.; Brody, J.A.; Broeckel, U.; Cabrera, C.P.; Cade, B.; Caizheng, Y.; Campbell, A.; Canouil, M.; Chakravarti, A.; CHARGE Neurology Working Group; Chauhan, G.; Christensen, K.; Cocca, M.; COGENT-Kidney Consortium; Collins, F.S.; Connel, J.M.; de Mutsert, R.; de Silva, H.J.; Debette, S.; Dorr, M.; Duan, Q.; Eaton, C.B.; Ehret, G.; Evangelou, E.; FAul, J.D.; Fisher, V.A.; Forouhi, N.G.; Franco, O.H.; Friedlander, Y.; Gao, H.; GIANT Consortium; Gigante, B.; Graff, M.; Gu, C.C.; Gu, D.; Gupta, P.; Hagenaars, S.P.; Harris, T.B.; He, J.; Heikkinen, S.; Heng, C.K.; Hirata, M.; Hofman., A.; Howard, B.V.; Hunt, S.; Irvin, M.R.; Jia, Y.; Joehanes, R.; Justice, A.E.; Katsuya, T.; Kaufman, J,; Kerrison, N.D.; Khor, C.C.; Koh, W.P.; Koistinen, H.A.; Komulainen, P.; Kooperberg, C.; Krieger, J.E.; Kubo, M.; Kuusisto, J.; Lanefeld, C.D.; Langenberg, C.; Launer, L.J.; Lehne, B.; Lewis, C.E.; Li, Y.; Lifelines Cohort Study; Lim, S.H.; Lin, S.; Liu, C.T.; Liu, J.; Liu, J.; Liu, K.; Liu, Y.; Loh, M.; Lohmann, K.K.; Long, J.; Louie, T.; Magi, R.; Mahajan, A.; Meitinger, T.; Metspalu, A.; Milani, L.; Momozawa, Y.; Morris, A.P.; Mosley, T.H.Jr.; Munson, P.; Murray, A.D.; Nalls, M.A.; Nasri, U.; Norris, J.M.; North, K.; Ogunniyi, A.; Padmanabhan, S.; Palmas, W.R.; Palmer, N.D.; Pankow, J.S.; Pedersen, N.L.; Peters, A.; Peyser, P.A.; Polasek, O.; Raitakari, O.T.; Renstrom, F.; Rice, T.K.; Ridker, P.M.; Robino, A.; Robinson, J.G.; Rose, L.M.; Rudan, I.; Salako, B.L.; Sandow, K.; Schmidt, C.O.; Schreiner, P.J.; Scott, W.R.; Seshadri, S.; Sever, P.; Sitlani, C.M.; Smith, J.A.; Snieder, H.; Starr, J.M.; Strauch, K.; Tang, H.; Taylor, K.D.; Teo, Y.Y.; Tham, Y.C.; Uitterlineden, A.G.; Waldenberger, M.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y.X.; Wei, W.B.; Williams, C.; Wilson, G.; Wojczynski, M.K.; Yao, J.; Yuan, J.M.; Zonderman, A.B.; Becker, D.M.; Boehnke, M.; Bowden, D.W.; Chambers, J.C.; Chen, Y.I.; de Faire, U.; Deary, I.J.; Esco, T.; Farrall, M.; Forrester, T.; Franks, P.W.; Freedman, B.I.; Froguel, P.; Gasparini, P.; Gieger, C.; Horta, B.L.; Hung, Y.J.; Jonas, J.B.; Kato, N.; Kooner, J.S.; Laakso, M.; Lehtimaki, T.; Liang, K.W.; Magnusson, P.K.E.; Newman, A.B.; Oldehinkel, A.J.; Pereira, A.C.; Redline, S.; Rettig, R.; Samani, N.J.; Scott, J.; Shu, X.O.; van der Harst, P.; Wagenknecht, L.E.; Wareham, N.J.; Watkins, H.; Weir, D.R.; Wickremasinghe, A.R.; Wu, T.; Zheng, W.; Kamatani, Y.; Laurie, C.C.; Bouchard, C.; Cooper, R.S.; Evans, M.K.; Gudnason, V.; Kardia, S.L.R.; Kritchevsky, S.B.; Levy, D.; O'Connell, J.R.; Psaty, B.M.; van Dam, R.M.; Sims, M.; Arnett, D.K.; Mook-Kanamori, D.O.; Kelly, T.N.; Fox, E.R.; Hayward, C.; Fornage, M.; Rotimi, C.N.; Province, M.A.; van Dujin, C.M.; Tai, E.S.; Wong, T.Y.; Loos, R.J.F.; Reiner, A.P.; Rotter, J.I.; Zhu, X.; Bierut, L.J.; Gauderman, W.J.; Caulfield, M.J.; Elliott, P.; Rice, K.; Munroe, P.B.; Morrison, A.C.; Cupples, L.A.; Rao., D.C.; Chasman, D.I.
    Genome-wide association analysis advanced understanding of blood pressure (BP), a major risk factor for vascular conditions such as coronary heart disease and stroke. Accounting for smoking behavior may help identify BP loci and extend our knowledge of its genetic architecture. We performed genome-wide association meta-analyses of systolic and diastolic BP incorporating gene-smoking interactions in 610,091 individuals. Stage 1 analysis examined ∼18.8 million SNPs and small insertion/deletion variants in 129,913 individuals from four ancestries (European, African, Asian, and Hispanic) with follow-up analysis of promising variants in 480,178 additional individuals from five ancestries. We identified 15 loci that were genome-wide significant (p < 5 × 10-8) in stage 1 and formally replicated in stage 2. A combined stage 1 and 2 meta-analysis identified 66 additional genome-wide significant loci (13, 35, and 18 loci in European, African, and trans-ancestry, respectively). A total of 56 known BP loci were also identified by our results (p < 5 × 10-8). Of the newly identified loci, ten showed significant interaction with smoking status, but none of them were replicated in stage 2. Several loci were identified in African ancestry, highlighting the importance of genetic studies in diverse populations. The identified loci show strong evidence for regulatory features and support shared pathophysiology with cardiometabolic and addiction traits. They also highlight a role in BP regulation for biological candidates such as modulators of vascular structure and function (CDKN1B, BCAR1-CFDP1, PXDN, EEA1), ciliopathies (SDCCAG8, RPGRIP1L), telomere maintenance (TNKS, PINX1, AKTIP), and central dopaminergic signaling (MSRA, EBF2).
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    Multi-ancestry genetic study of type 2 diabetes highlights the power of diverse populations for discovery and translation
    (Nature Publishing Company, New York, 2022) Mahajan, A.; Spracklen, C.N.; Zhang, W.; Ng, M.C.Y.; Petty, L.E.; Kitajima, H.; Yu, G.Z.; Rüeger, S.; Speidel, L.; Kim, Y.J.; Horikoshi, M.; Mercader, J.M .; Taliun, D.; Moon, S.; Kwak, S.H.; Robertson, N.R.; Rayner, N.W.; Loh, M.; Kim, B.; Chiou, J.; Miguel-Escalada, I.; Parolo, P.D.B.; Lin, K.; Bragg, F.; Preuss, M.H.; Takeuchi, F.; Nano, J.; Guo, X.; Lamri, A.; Nakatoch, M.; Scott, R.A.; Lee, J.J.; Huerta-Chagoya, A.; Graff, M.; Chai, J.F.; Parra, E. J.; Yao, J.; Bielak, L.F.; Tabara, Y.; Hai, Y.; Steinthorsdottir, V.; Cook, J.P.; Kals, M.; Grarup, N.; Schmidt, E.M.; Pan, I.; Sofer, T.; Wuttke, M.; Sarnowski, C.; Gieger, C.; Nousome, D.; Trompet, S.; Long, J.; Sun, M.; Tong, L.; Chen, W.M.; Ahmad, M.; Noordam, R.; Lim, V.J.Y.; Tam, C.H.T.; Joo, Y.Y.; Chen, C.H.; Raffield, L.M.; Lecoeur, C.; Prins, B.P.; Nicolas, A.; Yanek, L.R.; Chen, G.; Jensen, R.A.; Tajuddin, S.; Kabagambe, E.K.; An, P.; Xiang, A.H.; Choi, H.S.; Cade, B.E.; Tan, J.; Flanagan, J.; Abaitua, F.; Adair, L.S.; Adeyemo, A.; Aguilar-Salinas, C.A.; Akiyama, M.; Anand, S.S.; Bertoni, A.; Bian, Z.; Bork-Jensen, J.; Brandslund, I.; Brody, J.A.; Brummett, C.M.; Buchanan, T.A.; Canouil, M.; Chan, J.C.N.; Chang, L.C.; Chee, M.L.; Chen, J.; Chen, S.H.; Chen, Y.T.; Chen, Z.; Chuang, L.M.; Cushman, M.; Das, S.K.; de Silva, H.J.; Dedoussis, G.; Dimitrov, L.; Doumatey, A.P.; Du, S.; Duan, Q.; Eckardt, K.U.; Emery, L.S.; Evans, D.S.; Evans, M.K.; Fischer, K.; Floyd, J.S.; Ford, I.; Fornage, M.; Franco, O.H.; Frayling, T.M.; Freedman, B.I.; Fuchsberger, C.; Genter, P.; Gerstein, H.C.; Giedraitis, V.; Villalpando, C.G.; Villalpando, M.E.G.; Goodarzi, M.O.; Larsen, P.G.; Gorkin, D.; Gross, M.; Guo, Y.; Hackinger, S.; Han, S.; Hattersley, A.T.; Herder, C.; Howard, A.G.; Hsueh, W.; Huang, M.; Huang, W.; Hung, Y.; Hwang, M.Y.; Hwu, C.; Ichihara, S.; Ikram, M.A.; Ingelsson, M.; Islam, M.T.; Isono, M.; Jang, H.M.; Jasmine, F.; Jiang, G.; Jonas, J.B.; Jørgensen, M.E.; Jørgensen, T.; Kamatani, Y.; Kandeel, F.R.; Kasturiratne, A.; Katsuya, T.; Kaur, V.; Kawaguchi, T.; Keaton, J.M.; Kho, A.N.; Khor, C.C.; Kibriya, M.G.; Kim, D.H.; Kohara, K.; Kriebel, J.; Kronenberg, F.; Kuusisto, J.; Läll, K.; Lange, L.A.; Lee, M.; Lee, N.R.; Leong, A.; Li, L.; Li, Y.; Li-Gao, R.; Ligthart, S.; Lindgren, C.M.; Linneberg, A.; Liu, C.; Liu, J.; Locke, A.E.; Louie, T.; Luan, J.; Luk, A.O.; Luo, X.; Lv, J.; Lyssenko, V.; Mamakou, V.; Mani, K.R.; Meitinger, T.; Metspalu, A.; Morris, A.D.; Nadkarni, G.N.; Nadler, J.L.; Nalls, M.A.; Nayak, U.; Nongmaithem, S.S.; Ntalla, I.; Okada, Y.; Orozco, L.; Patel, S.R.; Pereira, M.A.; Peters, A.; Pirie, F.J.; Porneala, B.; Prasad, G.; Preissl, S.; Rasmussen-Torvik, L.J.; Reiner, A.P.; Roden, M.; Rohde, R.; Roll, K.; Sabanayagam, C.; Sander, M.; Sandow, K.; Sattar, N.; Schönherr, S.; Schurmann, C.; Shahriar, M.; Shi, J.; Shin, D.M.; Shriner, D.; Smith, J.A.; So, W.Y.; Stančáková, A.; Stilp, A.M.; Strauch, K.; Suzuki, K.; Takahashi, A.; Taylor, K.D.; Thorand, B.; Thorleifsson, G.; Thorsteinsdottir, U.; Tomlinson, B.; Torres, J.M.; Tsai, F.; Tuomilehto, J.; Tusie-Luna, T.; Udler, M.S.; Salgado, A.V.; Dam, R.M.; Klinken, J.B.; Varma, R.; Vujkovic, M.; Wacher-Rodarte, N.; Wheeler, E.; Whitsel, E.A.; Wickremasinghe, A.R.; Dijk, K.W.; Witte, D.R.; Yajnik, C.S; Yamamoto, K.; Yamauchi, T.; Yengo, L.; Yoon, K.; Yu, C.; Yuan, J.M.; Yusuf, S.; Zhang, L.; Zheng, W.; FinnGen; eMERGE Consortium; Leslie J Raffel; Igase, M.; Ipp, E.; Redline, S.; Cho, Y.S.; Lind, L.; Province, M.A.; Hanis, C.L.; Peyser, P.A.; Ingelsson, E.; Zonderman, A.B.; Psaty, B.M.; Wang, Y.; Rotimi, C.N.; Becker, D.M.; Matsuda, F.; Liu, Y.; Zeggini, E.; Yokota, M.; Rich, S.S.; Kooperberg, C.; Pankow, J.S.; Engert, J.C.; Chen, Y.I.; Froguel, P.; Wilson, J.G.; Sheu, W.H.H.; Kardia, S.L.R.; Wu, J.Y.; Hayes, M.G.; Ma, R.C.W.; Wong, T.Y.; Groop, L.; Mook-Kanamori, D.O.; Chandak, G.R.; Collins, F.S.; Bharadwaj, D.; Paré, G.; Sale, M.M.; Ahsan, H.; Motala, A.A.; Shu, X.O.; Park, K.S.; Jukema, J.W.; Cruz, M.; Cowdin, R.M.; Grallert, H.; Cheng, C.Y.; Bottinger, E.P.; Dehghan, A.; Tai, E.S.; Dupuis, J.; Kato, N.; Laakso, M.; Köttgen, A.; Koh, W.P.; Palmer, C.N.A.; Liu, S.; Abecasis, G.; Kooner, J.S.; Loos, R.J.F.; North, K.E.; Haiman, C.A.; Florez, J.C.; Saleheen, D.; Hansen, T.; Pedersen, O.; Mägi, R.; Langenberg, C.; Wareham, N.J.; Maeda, S.; Kadowaki, T.; Lee, J.; Millwood, I.Y.; Walters, R.G.; Stefansson, K.; Myers, S.R.; Ferrer, J.; Gaulton, K.J.; Meigs, J.B.; Mohlke, K.L.; Gloyn, A.L.; Bowden, D.W.; Below, J.E.; Chambers, J.C.; Sim, X.; Boehnke, M.; Rotter, J.I.; McCarthy, M.I.; Morris, A.P.
    We assembled an ancestrally diverse collection of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in 180,834 affected individuals and 1,159,055 controls (48.9% non-European descent) through the Diabetes Meta-Analysis of Trans-Ethnic association studies (DIAMANTE) Consortium. Multi-ancestry GWAS meta-analysis identified 237 loci attaining stringent genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-9), which were delineated to 338 distinct association signals. Fine-mapping of these signals was enhanced by the increased sample size and expanded population diversity of the multi-ancestry meta-analysis, which localized 54.4% of T2D associations to a single variant with >50% posterior probability. This improved fine-mapping enabled systematic assessment of candidate causal genes and molecular mechanisms through which T2D associations are mediated, laying the foundations for functional investigations. Multi-ancestry genetic risk scores enhanced transferability of T2D prediction across diverse populations. Our study provides a step toward more effective clinical translation of T2D GWAS to improve global health for all, irrespective of genetic background.
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    Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of lipid levels incorporating gene-alcohol interactions.
    (School of Hygiene and Public Health of Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore., 2019) de Vries, P. S.; Brown, M. R.; Bentley, A. R.; Sung, Y. J.; Winkler, T. W.; Ntalla, I.; Schwander, K.; Kraja, A. T.; Guo, X.; Franceschini, N.; Cheng, C. Y.; Sim, X.; Vojinovic, D.; Huffman, J. E.; Musani, S. K.; Li, C.; Feitosa, M.F.; Richard, M.A.; Noordam, R.; Aschard, H.; Bartz, T. M.; Bielak, L. F.; Deng, X.; Dorajoo, R.; Lohman, K.K.; Manning, A. K.; Rankinen, T.; Smith, A. V.; Tajuddin, S. M.; Evangelou, E.; Graff, M.; Alver, M.; Boissel, M.; Chai, J. F.; Chen, X.; Divers, J.; Gandin, I.; Gao, C.; Goel, A.; Hagemeijer, Y.; Harris, S. E.; Hartwig, F. P.; He, M.; Horimoto, A. R. V. R.; Hsu, F. C.; Jackson, A. U.; Kasturiratne, A.; Komulainen, P.; Kühnel, B.; Laguzzi, F.; Lee, J. H.; Luan, J.; Lyytikäinen, L. P.; Matoba, N.; Nolte, I. M.; Pietzner, M.; Riaz, M.; Said, M. A.; Scott, R. A.; Sofer, T.; Stancáková, A.; Takeuchi, F.; Tayo, B. O.; van der Most, P. J.; Varga, T. V.; Wang, Y.; Ware, E. B.; Wen, W.; Yanek, L. R.; Zhang, W.; Zhao, J. H.; Afaq, S.; Amin, N.; Amini, M.; Arking, D. E.; Aung, T.; Ballantyne, C.; Boerwinkle, E.; Broeckel, U.; Campbell, A.; Canouil, M.; Charumathi, S.; Chen, Y. I.; Connell, J. M.; de Faire, U.; de Las Fuentes, L.; de Mutsert, R.; de Silva, H.J.; Ding, J.; Dominiczak, A. F.; Duan, Q.; Eaton, C. B.; Eppinga, R.N.; Faul, J. D.; Fisher, V.; Forrester, T.; Franco, O. H.; Friedlander, Y.; Ghanbari, M.; Giulianini, F.; Grabe, H. J.; Grove, M. L.; Gu, C. C.; Harris, T. B.; Heikkinen, S.; Heng, C. K.; Hirata, M.; Hixson, J. E.; Howard, B. V.; Ikram, M. A.; InterAct Consortium; Jr. Jacobs, D. R.; Johnson, C.; Jonas, J. B.; Kammerer, C. M.; Katsuya, T.; Khor, C. C.; Kilpeläinen, T. O.; Koh, W. P.; Koistinen, H. A.; Kolcic, I.; Kooperberg, C.; Krieger, J. E.; Kritchevsky, S. B.; Kubo, M.; Kuusisto, J.; Lakka, T. A.; Langefeld, C. D.; Langenberg, C.; Launer, L. J.; Lehne, B.; Lemaitre, R. N.; Li, Y.; Liang, J.; Liu, J.; Liu, K.; Loh, M.; Louie, T.; Mägi, R.; Manichaikul, A. W.; McKenzie, C. A.; Meitinger, T.; Metspalu, A.; Milaneschi, Y.; Milani, L.; Mohlke, K. L.; Jr. Mosley, T. H.; Nelson, C. P.; Mukamal, K. J.; Nalls, M. A.; Nauck, M.; Sotoodehnia, N.; O'Connell, J. R.; Palmer, N. D.; Pazoki, R.; Pedersen, N. L.; Peters, A.; Peyser, P. A.; Polasek, O.; Poulter, N.; Raffel, L. J.; Raitakari, O. T.; Reiner, A. P.; Rice, T. K.; Rich, S. S.; Robino, A.; Robinson, J. G.; Rose, L. M.; Rudan, I.; Schmidt, C. O.; Schreiner, P. J.; Scott, W. R.; Sever, P.; Shi, Y.; Sidney, S.; Sims, M.; Smith, B. H.; Smith, J. A.; Snieder, H.; Starr, J. M.; Strauch, K.; Tan, N.; Taylor, K. D.; Teo, Y. Y.; Tham, Y. C.; Uitterlinden, A. G.; van Heemst, D.; Vuckovic, D.; Waldenberger, M.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Wei, W. B.; Williams, C.; Sr Wilson, G.; Wojczynski, M. K.; Yao, J.; Yu, B.; Yu, C.; Yuan, J. M.; Zhao, W.; Zonderman, A. B.; Becker, D. M.; Boehnke, M.; Bowden, D. W.; Chambers, J. C.; Deary, I. J.; Esko, T.; Farrall, M.; Franks, P. W.; Freedman, B. I.; Froguel, P.; Gasparini, P.; Gieger, C.; Horta, B. L.; Kamatani, Y.; Kato, N.; Kooner, J. S.; Laakso, M.; Leander, K.; Lehtimäki, T.; Lifelines Cohort, Groningen,; The Netherlands (Lifelines Cohort Study); Magnusson, P. K. E.; Penninx, B.; Pereira, A. C.; Rauramaa, R.; Samani, N.J.; Scott, J.; Shu, X. O.; van der Harst, P.; Wagenknecht, L. E.; Wang, Y. X.; Wareham, N. J.; Watkins, H.; Weir, D. R.; Wickremasinghe, A.R.; Zheng, W.; Elliott, P.; North, K. E.; Bouchard, C.; Evans, M. K.; Gudnason, V.; Liu, C. T.; Liu, Y.; Psaty, B. M.; Ridker, P. M.; van Dam, R. M.; Kardia, S. L. R.; Zhu, X.; Rotimi, C. N.; Mook-Kanamori, D. O.; Fornage, M.; Kelly, T. N.; Fox, E. R.; Hayward, C.; van Duijn, C. M.; Tai, E. S.; Wong, T. Y.; Liu, J.; Rotter, J. I.; Gauderman, W. J.; Province, M. A.; Munroe, P. B.; Rice, K.; Chasman, D. I.; Cupples, L. A.; Rao, D. C.; Morrison, A. C.
    An individual's lipid profile is influenced by genetic variants and alcohol consumption, but the contribution of interactions between these exposures has not been studied. We therefore incorporated gene-alcohol interactions into a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. We included 45 studies in Stage 1 (genome-wide discovery) and 66 studies in Stage 2 (focused follow-up), for a total of 394,584 individuals from five ancestry groups. Genetic main and interaction effects were jointly assessed by a 2 degrees of freedom (DF) test, and a 1 DF test was used to assess the interaction effects alone. Variants at 495 loci were at least suggestively associated (P < 1 × 10-6) with lipid levels in Stage 1 and were evaluated in Stage 2, followed by combined analyses of Stage 1 and Stage 2. In the combined analysis of Stage 1 and Stage 2, 147 independent loci were associated with lipid levels at P < 5 × 10-8 using 2 DF tests, of which 18 were novel. No genome-wide significant associations were found testing the interaction effect alone. The novel loci included several genes (PCSK5, VEGFB, and A1CF) with a putative role in lipid metabolism based on existing evidence from cellular and experimental models.
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    Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-smoking interaction study of 387,272 individuals identifies new loci associated with serum lipids.
    (Nature Publishing Group, 2019) Bentley, A.R.; Chasman, D. I.; Schwander, K.; Ntalla, I.; Kraja, A.T.; Winkler, T.W.; Brown, M. R.; Sung, Y. J.; Lim, E.; Huffman, J.E.; Vojinovic, D.; Sim, X.; Cheng, C.Y.; Lu, Y.; Liu, J.; Guo, X.; Deng, X.; Musani, S.K.; Li, C.; Feitosa, M.F.; Richard, M.A.; Noordam, R.; Baker, J.; Chen, G.; Aschard, H.; Bartz, T.M.; Ding, J.; Dorajoo, R.; Manning, A.K.; Rankinen, T.; Smith, A. V.; Tajuddin, S.M.; Zhao, W.; Graff, M.; Alver, M.; Boissel, M.; Chai, J. F.; Chen, X.; Divers, J.; Evangelou, E.; Gao, C.; Goel, A.; Hagemeijer, Y.; Harris, S. E.; Hartwig, F. P.; He, M.; Horimoto, A.R.V. R.; Hsu, F.C.; Hung, Y. J.; Jackson, A. U.; Kasturiratne, A.; Komulainen, P.; Kühnel, B.; Leander, K.; Lin, K. H.; Luan, J.; Lyytikäinen, L.P.; Matoba, N.; Nolte, I. M.; Pietzner, M.; Prins, B.; Riaz, M.; Robino, A.; Said, M. A.; Schupf, N.; Scott, R. A.; Sofer, T.; Stancáková, A.; Takeuchi, F.; Tayo, B. O.; van der Most, P. J.; Varga, T. V.; Wang, T. D.; Wang, Y.; Ware, E. B.; Wen, W.; Xiang, Y. B.; Yanek, L. R.; Zhang, W.; Zhao, J. H.; Adeyemo, A.; Afaq, S.; Amin, N.; Amini, M.; Arking, D.E.; Arzumanyan, Z.; Aung, T.; Ballantyne, C.; Barr, R. G.; Bielak, L. F.; Boerwinkle, E.; Bottinger, E.P.; Broeckel, U.; Chen, Y. I.; Charumathi, S.; Canouil, M.; Campbell, A.; Cade, B. E.; Brown, M.; Christensen, K.; de Las Fuentes, L.; Connell, J. M.; Concas, M. P.; COGENT-Kidney Consortium; de Silva, H.J.; de Vries, P. S.; Doumatey, A.; Duan, Q.; Eaton, C. B.; Eppinga, R.N.; Faul, J. D.; Floyd, J.S.; Gigante, B.; Gharib, S. A.; Forouhi, N.G.; Ghanbari, M.; Gao, H.; Gandin, I.; Friedlander, Y.; Forrester, T.; Hixson, J. E.; Hirata, M.; Justice, A. E.; Jonas, J. B.; Johnson, C.; Joehanes, R.; Jia, Y.; EPIC-InterAct Consortium; Ikram, M.A.; Katsuya, T.; Khor, C.C.; Kilpeläinen, T.O.; Koh, W. P.; Kolcic, I.; Kooperberg, C.; Krieger, J.E.; Kritchevsky, S.B.; Kubo, M.; Kuusisto, J.; Lakka, T. A.; Langefeld, C.D.; Langenberg, C.; Launer, L. J.; Lehne, B.; Lewis, C. E.; Li, Y.; Liang, J.; Lin, S.; Liu, C.T.; Liu, J.; Liu, K.; Loh, M.; Lohman, K.K.; Louie, T.; Luzzi, A.; Mägi, R.; Mahajan, A.; Manichaikul, A.W.; McKenzie, C.A.; Meitinger, T.; Metspalu, A.; Milaneschi, Y.; Milani, L.; Mohlke, K. L.; Momozawa, Y.; Morris, A. P.; Murray, A. D.; Nalls, M. A.; Nauck, M.; Nelson, C. P.; North, K. E.; O'Connell, J.R.; Palmer, N.D.; Papanicolau, G.J.; Pedersen, N. L.; Peters, A.; Peyser, P. A.; Polasek, O.; Poulter, N.; Raitakari, O.T.; Reiner, A. P.; Renström, F.; Rice, T.K.; Rich, S.S.; Robinson, J.G.; Rose, L. M.; Rosendaal, F. R.; Rudan, I.; Schmidt, C.O.; Schreiner, P. J.; Scott, W.R.; Sever, P.; Shi, Y.; Sidney, S.; Sims, M.; Smith, J. A.; Snieder, H.; Starr, J. M.; Strauch, K.; Stringham, H. M.; Tan, N. Y. Q.; Tang, H.; Taylor, K. D.; Teo, Y. Y.; Tham, Y. C.; Tiemeier, H.; Turner, S. T.; Uitterlinden, A. G.; Understanding Society Scientific Group; van Heemst, D.; Waldenberger, M.; Wang, H.; Wang, L.; Wang, L.; Wei, W. B.; Williams, C. A.; Wilson, G. Sr.; Wojczynski, M. K.; Yao, J.; Young, K.; Yu, C.; Yuan, J. M.; Zhou, J.; Zonderman, A. B.; Becker, D. M.; Boehnke, M.; Bowden, D. W.; Chambers, J. C.; Cooper, R. S.; de Faire, U.; Deary, I. J.; Elliott, P.; Esko, T.; Farrall, M.; Franks, P. W.; Freedman, B. I.; Froguel, P.; Gasparini, P.; Gieger, C.; Horta, B. L.; Juang, J. J.; Kamatani, Y.; Kammerer, C. M.; Kato, N.; Kooner, J. S.; Laakso, M.; Laurie, C. C.; Lee, I. T.; Lehtimäki, T.; Lifelines Cohort; Magnusson, P. K. E.; Oldehinkel, A. J.; Penninx, B. W. J. H.; Pereira, A. C.; Rauramaa, R.; Redline, S.; Samani, N. J.; Scott, J.; Shu, X. O.; van der Harst, P.; Wagenknecht, L. E.; Wang, J. S.; Wang, Y. X.; Wareham, N. J.; Watkins, H.; Weir, D. R.; Wickremasinghe, A.R.; Wu, T.; Zeggini, E.; Zheng, W.; Bouchard, C.; Evans, M. K.; Gudnason, V.; Kardia, S. L. R.; Liu, Y.; Psaty, B. M.; Ridker, P. M.; van Dam, R. M.; Mook-Kanamori, D. O.; Fornage, M.; Province, M. A.; Kelly, T. N.; Fox, E. R.; Hayward, C.; van Duijn, C. M.; Tai, E. S.; Wong, T. Y.; Loos, R. J. F.; Franceschini, N.; Rotter, J. I.; Zhu, X.; Bierut, L. J.; Gauderman, W. J.; Rice, K.; Munroe, P. B.; Morrison, A. C.; Rao, D. C.; Cupples, L. A.; Rotimi, C. N.
    The concentrations of high- and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides are influenced by smoking, but it is unknown whether genetic associations with lipids may be modified by smoking. We conducted a multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-smoking interaction study in 133,805 individuals with follow-up in an additional 253,467 individuals. Combined meta-analyses identified 13 new loci associated with lipids, some of which were detected only because association differed by smoking status. Additionally, we demonstrate the importance of including diverse populations, particularly in studies of interactions with lifestyle factors, where genomic and lifestyle differences by ancestry may contribute to novel findings.
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    Multi-ancestry study of blood lipid levels identifies four loci interacting with physical activity.
    (Nature Publications, 2019) Kilpeläinen, T.O.; Bentley, A.R.; Noordam, R.; Sung, Y. J.; Schwander, K.; Winkler, T. W.; Jakupović, H.; Chasman, D. I.; Manning, A.; Ntalla, I.; Aschard, H.; Brown, M. R.; de Las Fuentes, L.; Franceschini, N.; Guo, X.; Vojinovic, D.; Aslibekyan, S.; Feitosa, M. F.; Kho, M.; Musani, S. K.; Richard, M.; Wang, H.; Wang, Z.; Bartz, T. M.; Bielak, L. F.; Campbell, A.; Dorajoo, R.; Fisher, V.; Hartwig, F. P.; Horimoto, A. R. V. R.; Li, C.; Lohman, K. K.; Marten, J.; Sim, X.; Smith, A. V.; Tajuddin, S. M.; Alver, M.; Amini, M.; Boissel, M.; Chai, J. F.; Chen, X.; Divers, J.; Evangelou, E.; Gao, C.; Graff, M.; Harris, S. E.; He, M.; Hsu, F. C.; Jackson, A. U.; Zhao, J. H.; Kraja, A. T.; Kühnel, B.; Laguzzi, F.; Lyytikäinen, L. P.; Nolte, I. M.; Rauramaa, R.; Riaz, M.; Robino, A.; Rueedi, R.; Stringham, H. M.; Takeuchi, F.; van der Most, P. J.; Varga, T. V.; Verweij, N.; Ware, E. B.; Wen, W.; Li, X.; Yanek, L. R.; Amin, N.; Arnett, D. K.; Boerwinkle, E.; Brumat, M.; Cade, B.; Canouil, M.; Chen, Y. I.; Concas, M. P.; Connell, J.; de Mutsert, R.; de Silva, H.J.; de Vries, P.S.; Demirkan, A.; Ding, J.; Eaton, C. B.; Faul, J. D.; Friedlander, Y.; Gabriel, K. P.; Ghanbari, M.; Giulianini, F.; Gu, C. C.; Gu, D.; Harris, T. B.; He J, J.; Heikkinen, S.; Heng, C. K.; Hunt, S. C.; Ikram, M. A.; Jonas, J. B.; Koh, W. P.; Komulainen, P.; Krieger, J. E.; Kritchevsky, S. B.; Kutalik, Z.; Kuusisto, J.; Langefeld, C. D.; Langenberg, C.; Launer, L. J.; Leander, K.; Lemaitre, R. N.; Lewis, C. E.; Liang, J.; Lifelines Cohort Study; Liu, J.; Mägi, R.; Manichaikul, A.; Meitinger, T.; Metspalu, A.; Milaneschi, Y.; Mohlke, K. L.; Mosley, T. H.; Murray, A. D.; Nalls, M. A.; Nang, E. K.; Nelson, C. P.; Nona, S.; Norris, J. M.; Nwuba, C. V.; O'Connell, J.; Palmer, N. D.; Papanicolau, G. J.; Pazoki, R.; Pedersen, N. L.; Peters, A.; Peyser, P. A.; Polasek, O.; Porteous, D. J.; Poveda, A.; Raitakari, O. T.; Rich, S. S.; Risch, N.; Robinson, J. G.; Rose, L. M.; Rudan, I.; Schreiner, P. J.; Scott, R. A.; Sidney, S. S.; Sims, M.; Smith, J. A.; Snieder, H.; Sofer, T.; Starr, J. M.; Sternfeld, B.; Strauch, K.; Tang, H.; Taylor, K. D.; Tsai, M. Y.; Tuomilehto, J.; Uitterlinden, A. G.; van der Ende, M. Y.; van Heemst, D.; Voortman, T.; Waldenberger, M.; Wennberg, P.; Wilson, G.; Xiang, Y. B.; Yao, J.; Yu, C.; Yuan, J. M.; Zhao, W.; Zonderman, A. B.; Becker, D. M.; Boehnke, M.; Bowden, D. W.; de Faire, U.; Deary, I. J.; Elliott, P.; Esko, T.; Freedman, B. I.; Froguel, P.; Gasparini, P.; Gieger, C.; Kato, N.; Laakso, M.; Lakka, T. A.; Lehtimäki, T.; Magnusson, P. K. E.; Oldehinkel, A. J.; Penninx, B. W. J. H.; Samani, N. J.; Shu, X. O.; van der Harst, P.; Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, J. V.; Vollenweider, P.; Wagenknecht, L. E.; Wang, Y. X.; Wareham, N. J.; Weir, D. R.; Wu, T.; Zheng, W.; Zhu, X.; Evans, M. K.; Franks, P. W.; Gudnason, V.; Hayward, C.; Horta, B. L.; Kelly, T. N.; Liu, Y.; North, K. E.; Pereira, A. C.; Ridker, P. M.; Tai, E. S.; van Dam, R. M.; Fox, E. R.; Kardia, S. L. R.; Liu, C. T.; Province, M. A.; Mook-Kanamori, D. O.; Redline, S.; van Duijn, C. M.; Rotter, J. I.; Kooperberg, C. B.; Gauderman, W. J.; Psaty, B. M.; Rice, K.; Munroe, P. B.; Fornage, M.; Cupples, L. A.; Rotimi, C. N.; Morrison, A. C.; Rao, D. C.; Loos, R. J. F.
    Many genetic loci affect circulating lipid levels, but it remains unknown whether lifestyle factors, such as physical activity, modify these genetic effects. To identify lipid loci interacting with physical activity, we performed genome-wide analyses of circulating HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in up to 120,979 individuals of European, African, Asian, Hispanic, and Brazilian ancestry, with follow-up of suggestive associations in an additional 131,012 individuals. We find four loci, in/near CLASP1, LHX1, SNTA1, and CNTNAP2, that are associated with circulating lipid levels through interaction with physical activity; higher levels of physical activity enhance the HDL cholesterol-increasing effects of the CLASP1, LHX1, and SNTA1 loci and attenuate the LDL cholesterol-increasing effect of the CNTNAP2 locus. The CLASP1, LHX1, and SNTA1 regions harbor genes linked to muscle function and lipid metabolism. Our results elucidate the role of physical activity interactions in the genetic contribution to blood lipid levels.
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    A multi-layer functional genomic analysis to understand noncoding genetic variation in lipids
    (American Society of Human Genetics., 2022) Ramdas, S.; Judd, J.; Graham, S.E.; Kanoni, S.; Wang, Y.; Surakka, I.; Wenz, B.; Clarke, S.L.; Chesi, A.; Wells, A.; Bhatti, K.F.; Vedantam, S.; Winkler, T.W.; Locke, A.E.; Marouli, E.; Zajac, G.J.M.; Wu, K.H.; Ntalla, I.; Hui, Q.; Klarin, D.; Hilliard, A.T.; Wang, Z.; Xue, C.; Thorleifsson, G.; Helgadottir, A.; Gudbjartsson, D.F.; Holm, H.; Olafsson, I.; Hwang, M.Y.; Han, S.; Akiyama, M.; Sakaue, S.; Terao, C.; Kanai, M.; Zhou, W.; Brumpton, B.M.; Rasheed, H.; Havulinna, A.S.; Veturi, Y.; Pacheco, J.A.; Rosenthal, E.A.; Lingren, T.; Feng, Q.; Kullo, I.J.; Narita, A.; Takayama, J.; Martin, H.C.; Hunt, K.A.; Trivedi, B.; Haessler, J.; Giulianini, F.; Bradford, Y.; Miller, J.E.; Campbell, A.; Lin, K.; Millwood, I.Y.; Rasheed, A.; Hindy, G.; Faul, J.D.; Zhao, W.; Weir, D.R.; Turman, C.; Huang, H.; Graff, M.; Choudhury, A.; Sengupta, D.; Mahajan, A.; Brown, M.R.; Zhang, W.; Yu, K.; Schmidt, E.M.; Pandit, A.; Gustafsson, S.; Yin, X.; Luan, J.; Zhao, J.H.; Matsuda, F.; Jang, H.M.; Yoon, K.; Gomez, C.M.; Pitsillides, A.; Hottenga, J.J.; Wood, A.R.; Ji, Y.; Gao, Z.; Haworth, S.; Mitchell, R.E.; Chai, J.F.; Aadahl, M.; Bjerregaard, A.A.; Yao, J.; Manichaikul, A.; JaneLee, W.; Hsiung, C.A.; Warren, H.R.; Ramirez, J.; Jensen, J.B.; Kårhus, L.; Goel, A.; Lleal, M.S.; Noordam, R.; Mauro, P.; Matteo, F.; McDaid, A.F.; Marques-Vidal, P.; Wielscher, M.; Trompet, S.; Sattar, N.; Møllehave, L.T.; Munz, M.; Zeng, L.; Huang, J.; Yang, B.; Poveda, A.; Kurbasic, A.; Schönherr, S.; Forer, L.; Scholz, M.; Galesloot, T.E.; Bradfield, J.P.; Ruotsalainen, S.E.; Daw, E.W.; Zmuda, J.M; Mitchell, J.S.; Fuchsberger, C.; Christensen, H.; Brody, J.A.; Le, P.; Feitosa, M.F.; Wojczynski, M.K.; Hemerich, D.; Preuss, M.; Mangino, M.; Christofidou, P.; Verweij, N.; Benjamins, J.W.; Engmann, J.; Noah, T.L.; Verma, A.; Slieker, R.C.; Lo, K.S.; Zilhao, N.R.; Kleber, M.E.; Delgado, G.E.; Huo, S.; Ikeda, D.D.; Iha, H.; Yang, J.; Liu, J.; Demirkan, A.; Leonard, H.L.; Marten,J.; Emmel, C.; Schmidt, B.; Smyth, L.J.; Cañadas-Garre, M.; Wang, C.; Nakatochi, M.; Wong, A.; Hutri-Kähönen , N.; Sim, X.; Xia, R.; Huerta-Chagoya, A.; Fernandez-Lopez, J.C.; Lyssenko, V; Nongmaithem, S.S.; Sankareswaran, A.; Irvin, M.R.; Oldmeadow, C.; Kim, H.N.; Ryu, S.; Timmers, P.R.H.J; Arbeeva, L.; Dorajoo, R.; Lange, L.A.; Prasad, G.; Lorés-Motta, L.; Pauper, M.; Long, J.; Li, X.; Theusch, E.; Takeuchi, F.; Spracklen, C.N.; Loukola, A.; Bollepalli, S.; Warner, S.C.; Wang, Y.X.; Wei, W.B.; Nutile, T.; Ruggiero, D.; Sung,Y.J.; Chen, S.; Liu, F.; Yang, J.; Kentistou, K.A.; Banas, B.; Morgan, A.; Meidtner, K.; Bielak, L.F.; Smith, J.A.; Hebbar, P.; Farmaki, A.E.; Hofer, E.; Lin, M.; Concas, M.P.; Vaccargiu, S.; Most, P.J.; Pitkänen, N.; Cade, B.E.; Laan, S.W.; Chitrala, K.N.; Weiss, S.; Bentley, A.R.; Doumatey, A.P.; Adeyemo, A.A.; Lee, J.Y.; Petersen, E.R.B.; Nielsen, A.A.; Choi, H.S.; Nethander, M.; Nethander, M.; Freitag-Wolf, S.; Southam, L.; Rayner, N.W.; Wang, C.A.; Lin, S.; Wang, J.S.; Couture, C.; Lyytikäinen, L.P.; Nikus, K.; Partida, G.C.; Vestergaard, H.; Hidalgo, B.; Giannakopoulou, O.; Cai, Q.; Obura, M.O.; Setten, J.; He, K.Y.; Tang, H.; Terzikhan, N.; Shin, J.H.; Jackson, R.D.; Reiner, A.P.; Martin, L.W.; Chen, Z.; Li, L.; Kawaguchi, T.; Thiery, J.; Bis, J.C.; Launer, L.J.; Li, H.; Nalls, M.A.; Raitakari, O.T.; Ichihara, S.; Wild, S.H.; Nelson, C.P.; Campbell, H.; Jäger, S.; Nabika, T.; Al-Mulla, F.; Niinikoski, H.; Braund, P.S.; Kolcic, I.; Kovacs, P.; Giardoglou, T.; Katsuya, T.; Kleijn, D.; Borst, G.J.; Kim, E.K.; Adams, H.H.H.; Ikram, M.A.; Zhu, X.; Asselbergs, F.W.; Kraaijeveld, A.O.; Beulens, J.W.J.; Shu, X.O.; Rallidis, L.S.; Pedersen, O.; Hansen, T.; Mitchell, P.; Hewitt, A.W.; Kähönen, M.; Pérusse, L.; Bouchard, C.; Tönjes, A.; Chen, Y.D.I; Pennell, C.E.; Mori, T.A.; Lieb, W.; Franke, A.; Ohlsson, C.; Mellström, D.; Cho, Y.S.; Lee, H.; Yuan, J.M.; Koh, W.P.; Rhee, S.Y.; Woo, J.T.; Heid, I.M.; Stark, K.J.; Zimmermann, M.E.; Völzke, H.; Homuth, G.; Homuth, G.; Evans, M.K.; Zonderman, A.B.; Polasek, O.; Pasterkamp, G.; Hoefer, I.E.; Redline, S.; Pahkala, K.; Oldehinkel, A.J.; Snieder, H.; Biino, G.; Schmidt, R.; Schmidt, H.; Bandinelli , S; Dedoussis, G.; Thanaraj, T.A.; Peyser, P.A.; Kato, N.; Schulze, M.B.; Girotto, G.; Böger, C.A.; Jung, B.; Joshi, P.K.; Bennett, D.A.; Jager, P.L.D.; Lu, X.; Mamakou, V.; Brown, M.; Caulfield, M.J.; Munroe, P.B.; Guo, X.; Ciullo, M.; Jonas, J.B.; Samani, N.J.; Kaprio, J.; Pajukanta, P.; Luna, T.T.; Salinas, C.A.A.; Adair, L.S.; Bechayda, S.A.; de Silva, H.J.; Wickremasinghe, A.R.; Krauss, R.M.; Wu, J.Y.; Zheng,W.; Hollander, A.I.; Bharadwaj, D.; Correa, A,; Wilson, J.G.; Lind, L.; Heng, C.K.; Nelson, A.E.; Golightly, Y.M.; Wilson, J.F.; Penninx, B.; Kim, H.L.; Attia, J.; Scott, R.J.; Rao, D.C.; Arnett, D.K.; Walker, M.; Scott, L.J.; Koistinen, H.A.; Chandak, G.R.; Mercader, J.M.; Villalpando, C.G.; Orozco, L.; Fornage, M.; Tai, E.S.; Dam, R.M.; Lehtimäki, T.; Chaturvedi, N.; Yokota, M.; Liu, J.; Reilly, D.F.; McKnight, A.J.; Kee, F.; Jöckel, K.H.; McCarthy, M.I.; Palmer, C.N.A.; Vitart, V.; Hayward, C.; Simonsick, E.; Duijn, C.M; Jin, Z.B.; Jin, Z.B.; Lu, F.; Hishigaki, H.; Lin, X.; März, W.; Gudnason, V.; Tardif, J.C.; Lettre, G.; Hart, L.M.T.; Elders, P.J.M.; Rader, D.J.; Loos, S.M.; Province, M.A.; Parra, E.J.; Cruz, M.; Psaty, B.M.; Brandslund, I.; Pramstaller, P.P.; Rotimi, C.N.; Christensen, K.; Ripatti, S.; Widén, E.; Hakonarson, H.; Grant, S.F.A.; Kiemeney, L.; de Graaf, J.; Loeffler, M.; Kronenberg, F.; Gu, D.; Erdmann, J.; Schunkert, H.; Franks,P.W.; Linneberg, A.; Jukema, J.W.; Khera, A.V.; Männikkö, M.; Jarvelin, M.R.; Kutalik, Z.; Francesco, C.; Kanamori, D.O.M.; Dijk, K.W.; Watkins, H.; Strachan, D.P.; Grarup, N.; Sever, P.; Poulter, N.; Sheu, W.H.H.; Rotter, J.I.; Dantoft, T.M.; Karpe, F.; Neville, M.J.; Timpson, N.J.; Cheng, C.Y.; Wong, T.Y.; Khor, C.C.; Li, H.; Sabanayagam, C.; Peters, A.; Gieger, C.; Hattersley, A.T.; Pedersen, N.L.; Magnusson, P.K.E.; Boomsma, D.I.; de Geus, E.J.C.; Cupples, L.A.; Meurs, J.B.J.; Ikram, A.; Ghanbari, M.; Larsen, P.G.; Huang, W.; Kim, Y.J.; Tabara, Y.; Wareham, N.J.; Langenberg, C.; Zeggini, E.; Tuomilehto, J.; Kuusisto, J.; Laakso, M.; Ingelsson, E.; Abecasis, G.; Chambers, J.C.; Kooner, J.S.; de Vries, P.S.; Morrison, A.C.; Hazelhurst, S.; Ramsay, M.; North, K.E.; Daviglus, M.; Kraft, P.; Martin, N.G.; Whitfield, J.B.; Abbas, S.; Saleheen, D.; Walters, R.G.; Holmes, M.V.; Black, C.; Smith, B.H.; Baras, A.; Justice, A.E.; Buring, J.E.; Ridker, P.M.; Chasman, D.I.; Kooperberg, C.; Tamiya, G.; Yamamoto, M.; Heel, D.A.; Trembath, R.C.; Wei, W.Q.; Jarvik, G.P.; Namjou, B.; Hayes, M.G.; Ritchie, M.D.; Jousilahti, P.; Salomaa, V.; Hveem, K.; Åsvold, B.O.; Kubo, M.; Kamatani, Y.; Okada, Y.; Murakami, Y.; Kim, B.J.; Thorsteinsdottir, U.; Stefansson, K.; Zhang, J.; Chen, Y.E.; Ho, Y.L.; Lynch, J.A.; Tsao, P.S.; Chang, K.M.; Cho, K.; O'Donnell, C.J.; Gaziano, J.M.; Wilson, P.; Mohlke, K.L.; Frayling, T.M.; Hirschhorn, J.N.; Kathiresan, S.; Boehnke, M.; Million Veterans Program; Global Lipids Genetics Consortium; Grant, S.; Natarajan, P.; Sun, Y.V.; Morris, A.P.; Deloukas, P.; Peloso, G.; Assimes, T.L.; Willer, C.J.; Zhu, X.; Brown, C.D.
    A major challenge of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) is to translate phenotypic associations into biological insights. Here, we integrate a large GWAS on blood lipids involving 1.6 million individuals from five ancestries with a wide array of functional genomic datasets to discover regulatory mechanisms underlying lipid associations. We first prioritize lipid-associated genes with expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) colocalizations and then add chromatin interaction data to narrow the search for functional genes. Polygenic enrichment analysis across 697 annotations from a host of tissues and cell types confirms the central role of the liver in lipid levels and highlights the selective enrichment of adipose-specific chromatin marks in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. Overlapping transcription factor (TF) binding sites with lipid-associated loci identifies TFs relevant in lipid biology. In addition, we present an integrative framework to prioritize causal variants at GWAS loci, producing a comprehensive list of candidate causal genes and variants with multiple layers of functional evidence. We highlight two of the prioritized genes, CREBRF and RRBP1, which show convergent evidence across functional datasets supporting their roles in lipid biology.
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    The power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids
    (Macmillan Journals Ltd, 2021) Graham, S.E.; Clarke, S.L.; Wu, K.H.; Kanoni, S.; Zajac, G.J.M.; Ramdas, S.; Surakka, I.; Ntalla, I.; Vedantam, S.; Winkler, T.W.; Locke, A.E.; Marouli, E.; Hwang, M.Y.; Han, S.; Narita, A.; Choudhury, A.; Bentley, A.R.; Ekoru, K.; Verma, A.; Trivedi, B.; Martin, H.C.; Hunt, K.A.; Hui, Q.; Klarin, D.; Zhu, X.; Thorleifsson, G.; Helgadottir, A.; Gudbjartsson, D.F.; Holm, H.; Olafsson, I.; Akiyama, M.; Sakaue, S.; Terao, C.; Kanai, M.; Zhou, W.; Brumpton, B.M.; Rasheed, H.; Ruotsalainen, S.E.; Havulinna, A.S.; Veturi, Y.; Feng, Q.; Rosenthal, E.A.; Lingren, T.; Pacheco, J.A.; Pendergrass, S.A.; Haessler, J.; Giulianini, F.; Bradford, Y.; Miller, J.E.; Campbell, A.; Lin, K.; Millwood, I.Y.; Hindy, G.; Rasheed, A.; Faul, J.D.; Zhao, W.; Weir, D.R.; Turman, C.; Huang, H.; Graff, M.; Mahajan, A.; Brown, M.R.; Zhang, W.; Yu, K.; Schmidt, E.M.; Pandit, A.; Gustafsson, S.; Yin, X.; Luan, J.; Zhao, J.H.; Matsuda, F.; Jang, H.M.; Yoon, K.; Medina-Gomez, C.; Pitsillides, A.; Hottenga, J.J.; Willemsen, G.; Wood, A.R.; Ji, Y.; Gao, Z.; Haworth, S.; Mitchell, R.E.; Chai, J.F.; Aadahl, M.; Yao, J.; Manichaikul, A.; Warren, H.R.; Ramirez, J.; Bork-Jensen, J.; Kårhus, L.L.; Goel, A.; Sabater-Lleal, M.; Noordam, R.; Sidore, C.; Fiorillo, E.; McDaid, A.F.; Marques-Vidal, P.; Wielscher, M.; Trompet, S.; Sattar, N.; Møllehave, L.T.; Thuesen, B.H.; Munz, M.; Zeng, L.; Huang, J.; Yang, B.; Poveda, A.; Kurbasic, A.; Lamina, C.; Forer, L.; Scholz, M.; Galesloot, T.E.; Bradfield, J.P.; Daw, E.W.; Zmuda, J.M.; Mitchell, J.S.; Fuchsberger, C.; Christensen, H.; Brody, J.A.; Feitosa, M.F.; Wojczynski, M.K.; Preuss, M.; Mangino, M.; Christofidou, P.; Verweij, N.; Benjamins, J.W.; Engmann, J.; Kember, R.L.; Slieker, R.C.; Lo, K.S.; Zilhao, N.R.; Le, P.; Kleber, M.E.; Delgado, G.E.; Huo, S.; Ikeda, D.D.; Iha, H.; Yang, J.; Liu, J.; Leonard, H.L.; Marten, J.; Schmidt, B.; Arendt, M.; Smyth, L.J.; Cañadas-Garre, M.; Wang, C.; Nakatochi, M.; Wong, A.; Hutri-Kähönen, N.; Sim, X.; Xia, R.; Huerta-Chagoya, A.; Fernandez-Lopez, J.C.; Lyssenko, V.; Ahmed, M.; Jackson, A.U.; Irvin, M.R.; Oldmeadow, C.; Kim, H.N.; Ryu, S.; Timmers, P.R.H.J.; Arbeeva, L.; Dorajoo, R.; Lange, L.A.; Chai, X.; Prasad, G.; Lorés-Motta, L.; Pauper, M.; Long, J.; Li, X.; Theusch, E.; Takeuchi, F.; Spracklen, C.N.; Loukola, A.; Bollepalli, S.; Warner, S.C.; Wang, Y.X.; Wei, W.B.; Nutile, T.; Ruggiero, D.; Sung, Y.J.; Hung, Y.J.; Chen, S.; Liu, F.; Yang, J.; Kentistou, K.A.; Gorski, M.; Brumat, M.; Meidtner, K.; Bielak, L.F.; Smith, J.A.; Hebbar, P.; Farmaki, A.E.; Hofer, E.; Lin, M.; Xue, C.; Zhang, J.; Concas, M.P.; Vaccargiu, S.; van der Most, P.J.; Pitkänen, N.; Cade, B.E.; Lee, J.; van der Laan, S.W.; Chitrala, K.N.; Weiss, S.; Zimmermann, M.E.; Lee, J.Y.; Choi, H.S.; Nethander, M.; Freitag-Wolf, S.; Southam, L.; Rayner, N.W.; Wang, C.A.; Lin, S.Y.; Wang, J.S.; Couture, C.; Lyytikäinen, L.P.; Nikus, K.; Cuellar-Partida, G.; Vestergaard, H.; Hildalgo, B.; Giannakopoulou, O.; Cai, Q.; Obura, M.O.; van Setten, J.; Li, X.; Schwander, K.; Terzikhan, N.; Shin, J.H.; Jackson, R.D.; Reiner, A.P.; Martin, L.W.; Chen, Z.; Li, L.; Highland, H.M.; Young, K.L.; Kawaguchi, T.; Thiery, J.; Bis, J.C.; Nadkarni, G.N.; Launer, L.J.; Li, H.; Nalls, M.A.; Raitakari, O.T.; Ichihara, S.; Wild, S.H.; Nelson, C.P.; Campbell, H.; Jäger, S.; Nabika, T.; Al-Mulla, F.; Niinikoski, H.; Braund, P.S.; Kolcic, I.; Kovacs, P.; Giardoglou, T.; Katsuya, T.; Bhatti, K.F.; de Kleijn, D.; de Borst, G.J.; Kim, E.K.; Adams, H.H.H.; Ikram, M.A.; Zhu, X.; Asselbergs, F.W.; Kraaijeveld, A.O.; Beulens, J.W.J.; Shu, X.O.; Rallidis, L.S.; Pedersen, O.; Hansen, T.; Mitchell, P.; Hewitt, A.W.; Kähönen, M.; Pérusse, L.; Bouchard, C.; Tönjes, A.; Chen, Y.I.; Pennell, C.E.; Mori, T.A.; Lieb, W.; Franke, A.; Ohlsson, C.; Mellström, D.; Cho, Y.S.; Lee, H.; Yuan, J.M.; Koh, W.P.; Rhee, S.Y.; Woo, J.T.; Heid, I.M.; Stark, K.J.; Völzke, H.; Homuth, G.; Evans, M.K.; Zonderman, A.B.; Polasek, O.; Pasterkamp, G.; Hoefer, I.E.; Redline, S.; Pahkala, K.; Oldehinkel, A.J.; Snieder, H.; Biino, G.; Schmidt, R.; Schmidt, H.; Chen, Y.E.; Bandinelli, S.; Dedoussis, G.; Thanaraj, T.A.; Kardia, S.L.R.; Kato, N.; Schulze, M.B.; Girotto, G.; Jung, B.; Böger, C.A.; Joshi, P.K.; Bennett, D.A.; de Jager, P.L.; Lu, X.; Mamakou, V.; Brown, M.; Caulfield, M.J.; Munroe, P.B.; Guo, X.; Ciullo, M.; Jonas, J.B.; Samani, N.J.; Kaprio, J.; Pajukanta, P.; Adair, L.S.; Bechayda, S.A.; de Silva, H.J.; Wickremasinghe, A.R.; Krauss, R.M.; Wu, J.Y.; Zheng, W.; den Hollander, A.I.; Bharadwaj, D.; Correa, A.; Wilson, J.G.; Lind, L.; Heng, C.K.; Nelson, A.E.; Golightly, Y.M.; Wilson, J.F.; Penninx, B.; Kim, H.L.; Attia, J.; Scott, R.J.; Rao, D.C.; Arnett, D.K.; Walker, M.; Koistinen, H.A.; Chandak, G.R.; Yajnik, C.S.; Mercader, J.M.; Tusié-Luna, T.; Aguilar-Salinas, C.A.; Villalpando, C.G.; Orozco, L.; Fornage, M.; Tai, E.S.; van Dam, R.M.; Lehtimäki, T.; Chaturvedi, N.; Yokota, M.; Liu, J.; Reilly, D.F.; McKnight, A.J.; Kee, F.; Jöckel, K.H.; McCarthy, M.I.; Palmer, C.N.A.; Vitart, V.; Hayward, C.; Simonsick, E.; van Duijn, C.M.; Lu, F.; Qu, J.; Hishigaki, H.; Lin, X.; März, W.; Parra, E.J.; Cruz, M.; Gudnason, V.; Tardif, J.C.; Lettre, G.; 't Hart, L.M.; Elders, P.J.M.; Damrauer, S.M.; Kumari, M.; Kivimaki, M.; van der Harst, P.; Spector, T.D.; Loos, R.J.F.; Province, M.A.; Psaty, B.M.; Brandslund, I.; Pramstaller, P.P.; Christensen, K.; Ripatti, S.; Widén, E.; Hakonarson, H.; Grant, S.F.A.; Kiemeney, L.A.L.M.; de Graaf, J.; Loeffler, M.; Kronenberg, F.; Gu, D.; Erdmann, J.; Schunkert, H.; Franks, P.W.; Linneberg, A.; Jukema, J.W.; Khera, A.V.; Männikkö, M.; Jarvelin, M.R.; Kutalik, Z.; Cucca, F.; Mook-Kanamori, D.O.; van Dijk, K.W.; Watkins, H.; Strachan, D.P.; Grarup, N.; Sever, P.; Poulter, N.; Rotter, J.I.; Dantoft, T.M.; Karpe, F.; Neville, M.J.; Timpson, N.J.; Cheng, C.Y.; Wong, T.Y.; Khor, C.C.; Sabanayagam, C.; Peters, A.; Gieger, C.; Hattersley, A.T.; Pedersen, N.L.; Magnusson, P.K.E.; Boomsma, D.I.; de Geus, E.J.C.; Cupples, L.A.; van Meurs, J.BJ.; Ghanbari, M.; Gordon-Larsen, P.; Huang, W.; Kim, Y.T.; Tabara, Y.; Wareham, N.J.; Langenberg, C.; Zeggini, E.; Kuusisto, J.; Laakso, M.; Ingelsson, E.; Abecasis, G.; Chambers, J.C.; Kooner, J.S.; de Vries, P.S.; Morrison, A.C.; North, K.E.; Daviglus, M.; Kraft, P.; Martin, N.G.; Whitfield, J.B.; Abbas, S.; Saleheen, D.; Walters, R.G.; Holmes, M.V.; Black, C.; Smith, B.H.; Justice, A.E.; Baras, A.; Buring, J.E.; Ridker, P.M.; Chasman, D.I.; Kooperberg, C.; Wei, W.Q.; Jarvik, G.P; Namjou, B.; Hayes, M.G.; Ritchie, M.D.; Jousilahti, P.; Salomaa, V.; Hveem, K.; Åsvold, B.O.; Kubo, M.; Kamatani, Y.; Okada, Y.; Murakami, Y.; Thorsteinsdottir, U.; Stefansson, K.; Ho, Y.L.; Lynch, J.A.; Rader, D.J.; Tsao, P.S.; Chang, K.M.; Cho, K.; O'Donnell, C.J.; Gaziano, J.M.; Wilson, P.; Rotimi, C.N.; Hazelhurst, S.; Ramsay, M.; Trembath, R.C.; van Heel, D.A.; Tamiya, G.; Yamamoto, M.; Kim, B.J.; Mohlke, K.L.; Frayling, T.M.; Hirschhorn, J.N.; Kathiresan, S.; Boehnke, M.; Natarajan, P.; Peloso, G.M.; Brown, C.D.; Morris, A.P.; Assimes, T.L.; Deloukas, P.; Sun, Y.V.; Willer, C.J.; VA Million Veteran Program; Global Lipids Genetics Consortium
    Increased blood lipid levels are heritable risk factors of cardiovascular disease with varied prevalence worldwide owing to different dietary patterns and medication use1. Despite advances in prevention and treatment, in particular through reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels2, heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide3. Genome-wideassociation studies (GWAS) of blood lipid levels have led to important biological and clinical insights, as well as new drug targets, for cardiovascular disease. However, most previous GWAS4-23 have been conducted in European ancestry populations and may have missed genetic variants that contribute to lipid-level variation in other ancestry groups. These include differences in allele frequencies, effect sizes and linkage-disequilibrium patterns24. Here we conduct a multi-ancestry, genome-wide genetic discovery meta-analysis of lipid levels in approximately 1.65 million individuals, including 350,000 of non-European ancestries. We quantify the gain in studying non-European ancestries and provide evidence to support the expansion of recruitment of additional ancestries, even with relatively small sample sizes. We find that increasing diversity rather than studying additional individuals of European ancestry results in substantial improvements in fine-mapping functional variants and portability of polygenic prediction (evaluated in approximately 295,000 individuals from 7 ancestry groupings). Modest gains in the number of discovered loci and ancestry-specific variants were also achieved. As GWAS expand emphasis beyond the identification of genes and fundamental biology towards the use of genetic variants for preventive and precision medicine25, we anticipate that increased diversity of participants will lead to more accurate and equitable26 application of polygenic scores in clinical practice.
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    A saturated map of common genetic variants associated with human height
    (Nature Publishing Group, 2022) Vedantam, S.; Marouli, E.; Sidorenko, J.; Bartell, E.; Sakaue, S.; Graff, M.; Eliasen, A.U.; Jiang, Y.; Raghavan, S.; Miao, J.; Arias, J.D.; Graham, S.E.; Mukamel, R.E.; Spracklen, C.N.; Yin, X.; Chen, S.H.; Ferreira, T.; Highland, H.H.; Ji, Y.; Karaderi. T,; Lin, K.; Lüll, K.; Malden, D.E.; Medina-Gomez, C.; Machado, M.; Moore, A.; Rüeger, S.; Sim. X,; Vrieze, S.; Ahluwalia, T.S.; Akiyama, M.; Allison, M.A.; Alvarez, M.; Andersen, M.K.; Ani, A.; Appadurai, V.; Arbeeva, L.; Bhaskar, S.; Bielak, L.F.; Bollepalli, S.; Bonnycastle, L.L.; Bork-Jensen, J.; Bradfield, J.P.; Bradford, Y.; Braund, P.S.; Brody, J.A.; Burgdorf, K.S.; Cade, B.E.; Cai, H.; Cai, Q.; Campbell, A.; Cañadas-Garre, M.; Catamo, E.; Chai, J.F.; Chai, X.; Chang, L.C.; Chen, C.H.; Chesi, A.; Choi, S.H.; Chung, R.H.; Cocca, M.; Concas, M.P.; Couture, C.; Cuellar-Partida, G.; Danning, R.; Daw, E.W.; Degenhard, F.; Delgado, G.E.; Delitala, A.; Demirkan, A.; Deng, X.; Devineni, P.; Dietl, A.; Dimitriou, M.; Dimitrov, L.; Dorajoo, R.; Ekici, A.B.; Engmann, J.E.; Fairhurst-Hunter, Z.; Farmaki, A.E.; Faul, J.D.; Fernandez-Lopez, J.C.; Forer, L.; Francescatto, M.; Freitag-Wolf, S.; Fuchsberger, C.; Galesloot, T.E.; Gao, Y.; Gao, Z.; Geller, F.; Giannakopoulou, O.; Giulianini,F.; Gjesing, A.P.; Goel, A.; Gordon, S.D.; Gorski, M.; Grove, J.; Guo, X.; Gustafsson, S.; Haessler, J.; Hansen, T.F.; Havulinna, A.S.; Haworth, S.J.; He, J.; Heard-Costa, N.; Hebbar, P.; Hindy, G.; Ho, Y.A.; Hofer, E.; Holliday, E.; Horn, K.; Hornsby, W.E.; Hottenga, J.J.; Huang, H.; Huang, J.; Huerta-Chagoya, A.; Huffman, J.E.; Hung, Y.J.; Huo, S.; Hwang, M.Y.; Ha, H.; Ikeda, D.D.; Isono, M.; Jackson, A.U.; Jäger, S.; Jansen, I.E.; Johansson, I.; Jonas, J.B.; Jonsson, A.; Jørgensen, T.; Kalafati, I.P.; Kanai, M.; Kanoni, S.; Kårhus, L.L.; Kasturiratne, A.; Katsuya, T.; Kawaguchi, T.; Kember, R.L.; Kentistou, K.A.; Kim, H.N.; Kim, Y.J.; Kleber, M.E.; Knol, M.J.; Kurbasic, A.; Lauzon, M.; Le, P.; Lea, R.; Lee, J.Y.; Leonard, H.L.; Li, S.A.; Li, X.; Li, X.; Liang, J.; Lin, H.; Lin, S.Y.; Liu, J.; Liu, X.; Lo, K.S.; Long, J.; Lores-Motta, L.; Luan, J.; Lyssenko, V.; Lyytikäinen, L.P.; Mahajan, A.; Mamakou, V.; Mangino, M.; Manichaikul, A.; Marten, J.,; Mattheisen, M.; Mavarani, L.; McDaid, A.F.; Meidtner, K.; Melendez, T.L.; Mercader, J.M.; Milaneschi, Y.; Miller, J.E.; Millwood, I.Y.; Mishra, P.P.; Mitchell, R.E.; Møllehave, L.T.; Morgan, A.; Mucha, S.; Munz, M.; Nakatochi, M.; Nelson, C.P.; Nethander, M.; Nho, C.W.; Nielsen, A.A.; Nolte, I.M.; Nongmaithem, S.S.; Noordam, R.; Ntalla, I.; Nutile, T.; Pandit, A.; Christofidou, P.; Pärna, K.; Pauper, M.; Petersen, E.R.B.; Petersen, L.V.; Pitkänen, N.; Polašek, O.; Poveda, A.; Preuss, M.H.; Pyarajan, S.; Raffield, L.M.; Rakugi, H.; Ramirez, J.; Rasheed, A.; Raven, D.; Rayner, N.W.; Riveros, C.; Rohde, R.; Ruggiero, D.; Ruotsalainen, S.E.; Ryan, K.A.; Sabater-Lleal, M.; Saxena, R.; Scholz, M.; Sendamarai, A.; Shen, B.; Shi, J.; Shin, J.H.; Sidore, C.; Sitlani, C.M.; Slieker, R.C.; Smit, R.A.J.; Smith, A.V.; Smith, J.A.; Smyth, L.J.; Southam, L.; Steinthorsdottir, V.; Sun, L.; Takeuchi, F.; Tallapragada, D.S.P.; Taylor, K.D.; Tayo, B.O.; Tcheandjieu, C.; Terzikhan, N.; Tesolin, P.; Teumer, A.; Theusch, E.; Thompson, D.J.; Thorleifsson, G.; Timmers, P.R.H.J.; Trompet, S.; Turman, C.; Vaccargiu, S.; van der Laan, S.W.; van der Most, P.J.; van Klinken, J.B.; van Setten, J.; Verma, S.S.; Verweij, N.; Veturi, Y.; Wang, C.A.; Wang, C.; Wang, L.; Wang, Z.; Warren, H.R.; Bin Wei, W.; Wickremasinghe, A.R.; Wielscher, M.; Wiggins, K.L.; Winsvold, B.S.; Wong, A.; Wu, Y.; Wuttke, M.; Xia, R.; Xie, T.; Yamamoto, K.; Yang, J.; Yao, J.; Young, H.; Yousri, N.A.; Yu, L.; Zeng, L.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, J.H.; Zhao. W.; Zhou, W.; Zimmermann, M.E.; Zoledziewska, M.; Adair, L.S.; Adams, H.H.H.; Aguilar-Salinas, C.A.; Al-Mulla, F.; Arnett, D.K.; Arnett, D.K.; Asselbergs, F.W.; Åsvold, B.O.; Attia, J.; Banas, B.; Bandinelli, S.; Bennett D.A.; Bergler, T.; Bharadwaj, D.; Biino, G.; Bisgaard, H.; Boerwinkle, E.; Böger, C.A.; Bønnelykke, K.; Boomsma, D.I.; Børglum, A.D.; Borja, J.B.; Bouchard, C.; Bowden, D.W.; Brandslund, I.; Brumpton, B.; Buring, J.E.; Caulfield, M.J.; Chambers, J.C.; Chandak, G.R.; Chanock, S.J.; Chaturvedi, N.; Chen, Y.I.; Chen, Z.; Cheng, C.Y.; Christophersen, I.E.; Ciullo, M.; Cole, J.W.; Collins, F.S.; Cooper, R.S.; Cruz, M.; Cucca, F.; Cupples, L.A.; Cutler, M.J.; Damrauer, S.M.; Dantoft, T.M.; de Borst, G.J.; de Groot, L.C.P.G.M.; de Jager, P.L.; de Kleijn, D.P.V.; de Silva, H.J.; Dedoussis, G.V.; den Hollander, A.I.; Du, S.; Easton, D.F.; Elders, P.J.M.; Eliassen, A.H.; Ellinor, P.T.; Elmståhl, S.; Erdmann, J.; Evans, M.K.; Fatkin, D.; Feenstra, B.; Feitosa, M.F.; Ferrucci, L.; Ford, I.; Fornage, M.; Franke, A.; Franks, P.W.; Freedman, B.I.; Gasparini, P.; Gieger, C.; Girotto, G.; Goddard, M.E.; Golightly, Y.M.; Gonzalez-Villalpando. C.; Gordon-Larsen, P.; Grallert, H.; Grant, S.F.A.; Grarup, N.; Griffiths, L.; Gudnason, V.; Haiman, C.; Hakonarson, H.; Hansen, T.; Hartman, C.A.; Hattersley, A.T.; Hayward, C.; Heckbert, S.R.; Heng, C.K.; Hengstenberg, C.; Hewitt, A.W.; Hishigaki, H.; Hoyng, C.B.; Huang, P.L.; Huang, W.; Hunt, S.C.; Hveem, K.; Hyppönen, E.; Iacono, W.G.; Ichihara, S.; Ikram, M.A.; Isasi, C.R.; Jackson, R.D.; Jarvelin, M.R.; Jin, Z.B.; Jöckel, K.H.; Joshi, P.K.; Jousilahti, P.; Jukema, J.W.; Kähönen, M.; Kamatani, Y.; Kang, K.D.; Kaprio, J.; Kardia, S.L.R.; Karpe, F.; Kato, N.; Kee, F.; Kessler, T.; Khera, A.V.; Khor, C.C.; Kiemeney, L.A.L.M.; Kim, B.J.; Kim, E.K.; Kim, H.L.; Kirchhof, P.; Kivimaki, M.; Koh, W.P.; Koistinen, H.A.; Kolovou, G.D.; Kooner, J.S.; Kooperberg, C.; Köttgen, A.; Kovacs, P.; Kraaijeveld, A.; Kraft, P.; Krauss, R.M.; Kumari, M.; Kutalik, Z.; Laakso, M.; Lange, L.A.; Langenberg, C.; Launer, L.J.; Le Marchand, L.; Lee, H.; Lee, N.R.; Lehtimäki, T.; Li, H.; Li, L.; Lieb, W.; Lin, X.; Lind, L.; Linneberg, A.; Liu, C.T.; Liu, J.; Loeffler, M.; London, B.; Lubitz, S.A.; Lye, S.J.; Mackey, D.A.; Mägi, R.; Magnusson, P.K.E.; Marcus, G.M.; Vidal, P.M.; Martin, N.G.; Martin, N.G.; Lieb, W.; Lin, X.; Lind, L.; Linneberg, A.; Liu, C.T.; Liu, J.; Loeffler, M.; London, B.; Lubitz, S.A.; Lye, S.J.; Mackey, D.A.; Mägi, R.; Mägi, R.; Magnusson, P.K.E.; Marcus, G.M.; Vidal, P.M.; Martin, N.G.; März, W.; Matsuda, F.; McGarrah, R.W.; McGue, M.; McKnight, A.J.; Medland, S.E.; Mellström, D.; Metspalu, A.; Mitchell, B.D.; Mitchell, P.; Mook-Kanamori, D.O.; Morris, A.D.; Mucci, L.A.; Munroe, P.B.; Nalls, M.A.; Nazarian, S.; Nelson, A.E.; Neville, M.J.; Newton-Cheh, C.; Nielsen, C.S.; Nöthen, M.M.; Ohlsson, C.; Oldehinkel, A.J.; Oldehinkel, A.J.; Orozco, L.; Pahkala, K.; Pajukanta, P.; Palmer, C.N.A.; Parra, E.J.; Pattaro, C.; Pedersen, O.; Pennell, C.E.; Penninx, B.W.J.H.; Perusse, L.; Peters, A.; Peyser, P.A.; Porteous, D.J.; Posthuma, D.; Power, C.; Pramstaller, P.P.; Province, M.A.; Qi, Q.; Qu, J.; Rader, D.J.; Raitakari, O.T.; Ralhan, S.; Rallidis, L.S.; Rao, D.C.; Redline, S.; Reilly, D.F.; Reiner, A.P.; Rhee, S.Y.; Ridker, P.M.; Rienstra, M.; Ripatti, S.; Ritchie, M.D.; Roden, D.M.; Rosendaal, F.R.; Rotter, J.I.; Rudan, I.; Rutters, F.; Sabanayagam, C.; Saleheen, D.; Salomaa, V.; Samani, N.J.; Sanghera, D.K.; Sattar, N.; Schmidt, B.; Schmidt, H.; Schmidt, R.; Schulze, M.B.; Schunkert, H.; Scott, L.J.; Scott, R.J.; Sever, P.; Shiroma, E.J.; Shoemaker, M.B.; Shu, X.O.; Simonsick, E.M.; Sims, M.; Singh, J.R.; Singleton, A.B.; Sinner, M.F.; Smith, J.G.; Snieder, H.; Spector, T.D.; Stampfer, M.J.; Stark, K.J.; Strachan, D.P.; 't Hart, L.M.; Tabara, Y.; Tang, H.; Tardif, J.C.; Thanaraj, T.A.; Timpson, N.J.; Tönjes, A.; Tremblay, A.; Tuomi, T.; Tuomilehto, J.; Tusié-Luna, M.T.; Uitterlinden, A.G.; van Dam, R.M.; van der Harst, P.; Van der Velde, N.; van Duijn, C.M.; van Schoor, N.M.; Vitart, V.; Völker, U.; Vollenweider, P.; Völzke, H.; Wacher-Rodarte, N.H.; Walker, M.; Wang, Y.X.; Wareham, N.J.; Watanabe, R.M.; Watkins, H.; Weir, D.R.; Werge, T.M.; Widen, E.; Wilkens, L.R.; Willemsen, G.; Willett, W.C.; Wilson, J.F.; Wong, T.Y.; Woo, J.T.; Wright, A.F.; Wu, J.Y.; Xu, H.; Yajnik, C.S.; Yokota, M.; Yuan, J.M.; Zeggini, E.; Zemel, B.S.; Zheng, W.; Zhu, X.; Zmuda, J.M.; Zonderman, A.B.; Zwart, J.A.; 23andMe Research Team; VA Million Veteran Program.; DiscovEHR (DiscovEHR and MyCode Community Health Initiative).; eMERGE (Electronic Medical Records and Genomics Network).; Lifelines Cohort Study.; PRACTICAL Consortium.; Understanding Society Scientific Group.; Chasman, D.I.; Cho, Y.S.; Heid, I.M.; McCarthy, M.I.; Ng, M.C.Y.; O'Donnell, C.J.; Rivadeneira, F.; Thorsteinsdottir, U.; Sun, Y.V.; Tai, E.S.; Boehnke, M.; Deloukas, P.; Justice, A.E.; Lindgren, C.M.; Loos, R.J.F.; Mohlke, K.L.; North, K.E.; Stefansson, K.; Walters R.G.v.; Winkler, T.W.; Young, K.L.; Loh, P.R.; Yang, J.; Esko, T.; Assimes, T.L.; Auton, A.; Abecasis, G.R.; Willer, C.J.; Locke, A.E.; Berndt, S.I.; Lettre, G.; Frayling, T.M.; Frayling, T.M.; Okada, Y.; Wood, A.R.; Visscher, P.M.; Hirschhorn, J.N.
    Common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are predicted to collectively explain 40-50% of phenotypic variation in human height, but identifying the specific variants and associated regions requires huge sample sizes1. Here, using data from a genome-wide association study of 5.4 million individuals of diverse ancestries, we show that 12,111 independent SNPs that are significantly associated with height account for nearly all of the common SNP-based heritability. These SNPs are clustered within 7,209 non-overlapping genomic segments with a mean size of around 90 kb, covering about 21% of the genome. The density of independent associations varies across the genome and the regions of increased density are enriched for biologically relevant genes. In out-of-sample estimation and prediction, the 12,111 SNPs (or all SNPs in the HapMap 3 panel2) account for 40% (45%) of phenotypic variance in populations of European ancestry but only around 10-20% (14-24%) in populations of other ancestries. Effect sizes, associated regions and gene prioritization are similar across ancestries, indicating that reduced prediction accuracy is likely to be explained by linkage disequilibrium and differences in allele frequency within associated regions. Finally, we show that the relevant biological pathways are detectable with smaller sample sizes than are needed to implicate causal genes and variants. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive map of specific genomic regions that contain the vast majority of common height-associated variants. Although this map is saturated for populations of European ancestry, further research is needed to achieve equivalent saturation in other ancestries.